Ethnographers often start fieldwork by focusing on descriptive tasks that will enable them to answer questions about how social life proceeds, and then they work toward explaining more formally why patterns appear in their data. Making the transition from `how?' to `why?' can be a dilemma, but the ethnographer's folk culture provides especially useful clues. By dwelling on their appreciation of especially luminous data, ethnographers can light the path to causal inference. In this, the second of a two-part article, four of seven forms for characterizing the rhetorical effectiveness of ethnographic data are illustrated and the distinctive resources they offer for causal explanation are analyzed.
Bittner, E.
(1967) `The Police on Skid-Row: A Study of Peace Keeping', American Sociological Review32(5): 699-715.
6.
Bittner, E.
(1979) The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
7.
Blumer, H.
(1969) Symbolic Interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8.
Chapoulie, J.-M.
(2001) La Tradition Sociologique de Chicago: 1892-1961. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
9.
Clifford, J.
and G.E. Marcus (eds) (1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
10.
Cressey, P.G.
(1932) The Taxi-Dance Hall: A Sociological Study in Commercialized Recreation and City Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
11.
Csordas, T.J.
(1994) The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Berkeley: University of California Press.
12.
Csordas, T.J.
(1997) Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13.
DeVault, M.L.
(1991) Feeding the Family: The Social Organization of Caring as Gendered Work. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
14.
Duneier, M.
(1992) Slim's Table: Race, Respectability, and Masculinity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
15.
Duneier, M.
(1999) Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
16.
Evans-Pritchard, E.E.
(1937) Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
17.
Fine, G.A.
(1996) Kitchens: The Culture of Restaurant Work. Berkeley: University of California Press.
18.
Frake, C.O.
(1980) `How to Enter a Yakan House', in A.S. Dill (ed.) Language and Cultural Description: Essays by Charles O. Frake, pp. 214-232. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
19.
Garfinkel, H.
(1967) `Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities', in Studies in Ethnomethodology, pp. 35-75. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
20.
Geertz, C.
(1973) The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
21.
Goffman, E.
(1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
22.
Goffman, E.
(1967) `Where the Action Is', in E. GoffmanInteraction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior, pp. 149-270. New York: Anchor.
23.
Harper, D.A.
(1992) Working Knowledge: Skill and Community in a Small Shop. Berkeley: University of California.
24.
Hochschild, A.R.
(1997) The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books.
25.
Johnson, J.M.
(1975) Doing Field Research. New York: Free Press.
26.
Katz, J.
(1982) `A Theory of Qualitative Methodology: The Social System of Analytic Fieldwork', in J. KatzPoor People's Lawyers in Transition. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
27.
Kendall, P.L.
and P.F. Lazarsfeld (1950) `Problems of Survey Analysis', in R.K. Merton and P.F. Lazarsfeld (eds) Continuities in Social Research: Studies in the Scope and Method of `the American Soldier', pp. 133-196. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
28.
MacIver, R.M.
(1942) Social Causation. Boston, MA: Ginn and Company.
29.
Matza, D.
(1969) Becoming Deviant. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
30.
Mead, G.H.
(1959) The Philosophy of the Present. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
31.
Ochs Keenan, E.
(1976) `On the Universality of Conversational Implicatures', Language in Society5: 67-80.
32.
Rock, P.
(1979) The Making of Symbolic Interactionism. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
33.
Roy, Donald F.
(1959-60) ` “Banana Time”: Job Satisfaction and Informal Interaction', Human Organization18: 158-168.
34.
Rubinstein, J.
(1973) City Police. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
35.
Snow, D.A.
and L. Anderson (1993) Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36.
Sudnow, D.
(1967) Passing On: The Social Organization of Dying. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
37.
Taylor, C.
(1989) Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
38.
Thomas, W.I.
(1966) `Situational Analysis', in On Social Organization and Social Personality edited by M. Janavitz, pp. 154-167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39.
Thorne, B.
(1993) Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
40.
Whyte, W.F.
(1948) Human Relations in the Restaurant Industry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
41.
Wikan, U.
(1996) Tomorrow, God Willing: Self-Made Destinies in Cairo. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
42.
Willis, P.E.
(1981 [1977]) Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.
