This article addresses the relationship between science and popular knowledge within Tanzania's Mafia Island Marine Park. It examines the ways in which various forms of knowledge circulate within the park, as well as how knowledge is evaluated and used by representatives of international organizations, national government officials, and Mafia residents. Despite the ostensibly `participatory' goals of the marine park, island residents continue to be excluded because they fail to speak the language of the `educated'. At the same time, forms of knowledge within the park serve as potent cultural markers of class status, ethnicity and `modernity' in ways that buttress the social position of national and international elites and undermine that of island residents.
Abu Lughod, Janet L.
(1989) Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2.
Adams, Jonathan S.
and Thomas O. McShane (1992) The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion. New York: W.W. Norton.
3.
Agrawal, Arun
(1995) `Dismantling the Divide between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge', Development and Change26: 413-439.
4.
Anderson, David
and Richard Grove (1987) Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Andrews, Greg (1999) `Implications of Applying a Marine Park Paradigm in a Developing Country'. Unpublished conference paper.
6.
Baumann, Oscar
(1957 [1895]) `Mafia Island', Tanganyika Notes and Records46: 1-24.
7.
Benjamin, Martin (2000) `Development Consumers: An Ethnography of “the Poorest of the Poor” and International Aid in Rural Tanzania'. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Yale University.
8.
Bourdieu, Pierre
(1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9.
Brokensha
, David, D.M. Warren and Oswald Werner (1980) Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Development. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
10.
Brosius, J. Peter
(1997) `Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge', Human Ecology25(1): 47-69.
11.
Brosius, J. Peter
(1999) `Anthropological Engagements with Environmentalism', Current Anthropology40(3): 277-309.
12.
Brush, Stephen
and Doreen Stabinsky (eds) (1996) Valuing Local Knowledge: Indigenous People and Intellectual Property Rights. Washington, DC: Island Press.
13.
Caplan, Patricia Ann
(1975) Choice and Constraint in a Swahili Community: Property, Hierarchy, and Cognatic Descent on the East African Coast. London: Oxford University Press.
14.
Caplan, Patricia Ann
(1997) African Voices, African Lives: Personal Narratives from a Swahili Village. London and New York: Routledge.
15.
Carr, Edward
(1998) `Survey: The Sea', Special Section, The Economist23May: 1-18.
16.
Chaudhuri, K.N.
(1985) Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17.
Cooke, Bill
and Uma Kothari (eds) (2001) Participation: The New Tyranny?London and New York: Zed Books.
18.
Cooper, Frederick
(1977) Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
19.
Cooper, Frederick
(1980) From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya 1890-1925. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
20.
Cooper, Frederick
and Randall Packard (eds) (1997) International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
21.
Coulson, Andrew
(1982) Tanzania: A Political Economy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22.
Craig, Gary
and Marjorie Mayo (1995) Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and Development. London: Zed Books.
23.
Crush, Jonathan
(ed.) (1995) Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.
24.
Donham, Donald
(1999) Marxist Modern: An Ethnographic History of the Ethiopian Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25.
Ellen, Roy F.
(1986) `What Black Elk Left Unsaid: On the Illusory Images of Green Primitivism', Anthropology Today2(6): 8-12.
26.
Escobar, Arturo
(1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27.
Evans-Pritchard, E.E.
(1937) Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
28.
Fabian, Johannes
(1983) Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.
29.
Fair, Laura
(2001) Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890-1945. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press and Oxford: James Currey.
30.
Feierman, Steven
(1990) Peasant Intellectuals: Anthropology and History in Tanzania. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
31.
Ferguson, James
(1994) The Anti-Politics Machine: `Development,' Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
32.
Foucault, Michel
(1970) The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books.
33.
Foucault, Michel
(1977) Discipline and Punish. New York: Vintage Books.
34.
Foucault, Michel
(1981) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon.
35.
Garfinkel, Harold
(1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
36.
Gibson-Graham, J.K.
, Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff (eds) (2000) Class and its Others. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
37.
Gibson-Graham, J.K.
, Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff (eds) (2001) Re/Presenting Class: Essays in Postmodern Marxism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
38.
Glaesel, Heidi (1997) `Fishers, Parks, and Power: The Socio-Environmental Dimensions of Marine Resource Decline and Protection on the Kenya Coast'. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin.
39.
Glassman, Jonathon
(1995) Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888. London: James Currey.
40.
Goodenough, Ward
(1981) Culture, Language and Society. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
41.
Goody, Jack
(1968) Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42.
Goody, Jack
(1977) Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
Green, Maia (1997) ` “Development,” Change and the Appropriation of Agency in Southern Tanzania'. Unpublished paper presented at the American Anthropological Association Meetings, Washington, DC.
44.
Gupta, Akhil
(1998) Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
45.
Gusterson, Hugh
(1996) Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press.
46.
Helmreich, Stephan
(2000) Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
47.
Hodgson, Dorothy L.
(2002) `Precarious Alliances: The Cultural Politics and Structural Predicaments of the Indigenous Rights Movement in Tanzania', American Anthropologist104(4).
48.
Horton, Robin
(1967) `African Traditional Thought and Western Science', Africa37: 50-71; 155-187.
49.
Illife, John
(1979) A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50.
Johannes, R.E.
(1981) Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
51.
Joyce, Patrick
(ed.) (1995) Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52.
Latour, Bruno
(1987) Science in Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53.
Latour, Bruno
(1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54.
Lave, Jean
(1996) `The Savagery of the Domestic Mind', in Laura Nader (ed.) Naked Science, pp. 87-100. New York: Routledge.
55.
Levi-Strauss, Claude
(1966) The Savage Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
56.
Levy-Bruhl, Lucien
(1926) How Natives Think. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
57.
MacKenzie, John M.
(1988) The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
58.
Maddox
, Gregory, James Giblin and Isaria N. Kimambo (1996) Custodians of the Land: Ecology and Culture in the History of Tanzania. London: James Currey.
59.
Martin, Emily
(1987) The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
60.
Martin, Emily
(1994) Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
61.
McEvoy, Arthur
(1986) The Fisherman's Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62.
McGoodwin, James R.
(1991) Crisis in the World's Fisheries: People, Problems, and Policies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
63.
Middleton, John
(1992) The World of the Swahili: An African Mercantile Civilization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
64.
Mitchell, Timothy
(1998) `The Market's Place', in N. Hopkins and K. Westergard (eds) Directions of Change in Rural Egypt, pp. 19-40. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
65.
Moore, Donald S.
(1993) `Contesting Terrain in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands: Political Ecology, Ethnography, and Peasant Resource Struggles', Economic Geography69: 390-401.
66.
Nader, Laura
(ed.) (1996) Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power and Knowledge. New York: Routledge.
67.
Neumann, Roderick P.
(1998) Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
68.
Neumann, Roderick P.
(2000) `Land, Justice and the Politics of Conservation in Tanzania', in Charles Zerner (ed.) People, Plants and Justice, pp. 117-133. New York: Columbia University Press.
69.
Peters, Pauline
(ed.) (2000) Development Encounters: Sites of Participation and Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for International Development.
70.
Pigg, Stacy Leigh
(1996) `The Credible and the Credulous: The Question of `Villagers' Beliefs' in Nepal', Cultural Anthropology11(2): 160-201.
71.
Pigg, Stacy Leigh
(1997) `Found in Most Traditional Societies: Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and Development', in Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (eds) International Development and the Social Sciences, pp. 259-290. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72.
Prins, A.H.J.
(1965) Sailing From Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
73.
Rabinow, Paul
(1999) French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
74.
Ribot, Jesse C.
(1996) `Participation without Representation: Chiefs, Councils and Forestry Law in the West Africa Sahel', Cultural Survival QuarterlyFall.
75.
Ribot, Jesse C.
(1999) `Decentralization, Participation and Accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal Instruments of Political-Administrative Control', Africa69(1): 23-65.
76.
Ribot, Jesse C.
(2000) `Rebellion, Representation, and Enfranchisement in the Forest Villages of Makacoulibantang, Eastern Senegal', in Charles Zerner (ed.) People, Plants and Justice, pp. 134-158. New York: Columbia University Press.
77.
Rofel, Lisa
(1998) Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China After Socialism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
78.
Ruddle, Kenneth
, and R.E. Johannes (1985) The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. Paris: UNESCO.
79.
Safina, Carl
(1999) Song for the Blue Ocean: Encounters Along the World's Coasts and Beneath the Seas. New York: Henry Holt.
80.
Scott, James
(1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
81.
Sheriff, Abdul M.H.
(1987) Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar. London: James Currey.
82.
Shiva, Vandana
(1988) Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India. London: Zed Books.
83.
Shivji, Issa
(1976) Class Struggles in Tanzania. London: Heinemann.
84.
Spivak, Gayatri
(1995) The Spivak Reader. New York: Routledge.
85.
Tripp, Aili Mari
(1997) Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
86.
Traweek, Sharon
(1992) Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, MA: University of Harvard Press.
87.
Verdery, Katherine
(1996) What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next?Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
88.
von Freyhold, Michaela
(1979) Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.
89.
Walley, Christine J. (1999) `Making Waves: Struggles over the Environment, Development and Participation in the Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania'. New York University. Unpublished PhD dissertation.
90.
Walley, Christine J. (2002) Our Ancestors Used to Bury their Development in the Ground: Modernity and the Meaning of Development within the Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania. Unpublished manuscript.
91.
Weber, Max
(1958) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
92.
Young, Tomme R.
(1993) `Legal and Institutional Issues on Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programs in East Africa', in O. Linden (ed.) Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Eastern Africa including the Island States, pp. 143-182. Arusha, Tanzania: Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries Marine Science Program.
