This paper reviews the interactions between conceptualizations of rural development
and development theory more broadly. It identifies two key issues: the
representation of peasant farmers and the agrarian question, that is, how do peasant
societies interact with broader political economies? The paper develops two
responses to these issues: first, that theory should not be imposed upon peasant
societies to the neglect of ‘bottom up’ research; and secondly,
that researchers should consciously try to integrate both structure and struggle
into their analytical frameworks:
Barker, J.1989: Rural communities under stress. Peasant farmers and the state
in Africa.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
2.
Bates, R.1986: The regulation of rural markets in Africa. In
Commins, S.
,
Lofchie, M.
, and
Payne, R.
, eds, Africa’s agrarian crisis: the roots of famine.
Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner
.
3.
Bayart, J-F.1993: The state in Africa: the politics of the belly.
London: Longman
.
4.
Beer, C.
and
Williams, G.1975:
The politics of the Ibadan peasantry
. The African Review5(3),
235-257
.
5.
Beinart, W.
and
Bundy, C.1988: Hidden struggles in rural South Africa: politics and popular
movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1930.
London: James Currey
.
6.
Bernstein, H.1971:
Modernization theory and the sociological study of development
. Journal of Development Studies27(2),
141-161
.
7.
Bernstein, H.1977:
Notes on capital and the peasantry
. Review of African Political Economy10,
60-73
.
8.
Bernstein, H.1981:
Notes on the state and the peasantry: the Tanzanian case
. Review of African Political Economy21,
44-62
.
9.
Bernstein, H.1990: Taking the part of peasants? In
Bernstein, H.Crow, B.
,
Mackintosh, M.
and
Martin, C.
, eds, The food question.
London: Earthscan
, 69-80.
10.
Bernstein, H.1996:
The political economy of the maize filière
. Journal of Peasant Studies23(2/3),
120-146
.
11.
Berry, S.1983: Work migration and class in Western Nigeria: a
reinterpretation. In
Cooper, F.
, ed, Struggle for the city: migrant labor, capital and the state in
urban Africa.
Beverly Hills CA: Sage
, 111-134.
12.
Berry, S.1993: No condition is permanent. The social dynamics of agrarian
change in sub-Saharan Africa.
Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press
.
13.
Boone, C.1998:
State building in the African countryside: structure and politics at the grass-roots
. Journal of Development Studies34(4),
1-31
.
14.
Booth, D.1985:
Marxism and development sociology: interpreting the impasse
. World Development13,
7-7
.
15.
Booth, D.1993: Development research: from impasse to new agenda.
In
Schuurman, F.
, ed, Beyond the impasse: new directions in development theory.
London: Zed Press
, 49-77.
16.
Brass, T.1997:
The agrarian myth, the ‘new’ populism and the
‘new’ right
. Journal of Peasant Studies24(4),
201-246
.
17.
Bryceson, D.1999:
African rural labour, income diversification and livelihood approaches: a
long term development perspective
. Review of African Political Economy80(26),
171-189
.
18.
Bryceson, D.
and
Jamal, V.
, eds, 1997: Farewell to farms. De-agrarianisation and
employment in Africa.
Aldershot: Ashgate
.
19.
Bush, R.
and
Cliffe, L.1984:
Agrarian policy in migrant labour societies: reform of transition in Zimbabwe?Review of African Political Economy11(29),
77-94
.
20.
Byres, T. J.1982: Agrarian transition and the agrarian question. In
Harriss, J.
, ed, Rural development: theories of peasant economy and agrarian
change.
London: Hutchinson
.
21.
Cammack, P.1997: Capitalism and democracy in the Third World. The doctrine for
political development.
London: Leicester University Press
.
22.
Chambers, R.1983: Putting the last first.
London: Longman
.
Cleaver, F.1999:
Paradoxes of participation: questioning participatory approaches to development
. Journal of International Development11(4),
597-612
.
25.
Cliffe, L.1987:
The debate on African peasantries
. Development and Change18(4),
625-635
.
26.
Cliffe, L.
,
Bush, R.
,
Pankhurst, D.
and
Littlejohn, G.1988:
Southern Africa after the drought: a breakdown of social reproduction
. Leeds Southern African Studies No. 1.
27.
Cohen, R.1980:
Resistance and hidden forms of consciousness among African workers
. Review of African Political Economy7(19),
8-22
.
28.
Commins, S.
,
Lofchie, M.
and
Payne, R.
, eds, 1987: Africa’s agrarian crisis: the roots of
famine.
Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner
.
29.
Corbridge, S.1982: Urban bias, rural bias, and industrialization: an appraisal
of the work of Michael Lipton and Terry Byres. In
Harriss, J.
, ed, Rural development: theories of peasant economy and agrarian
change.
London: Hutchinson
, 66-89.
30.
Coulson, A.1982: Tanzania: a political economy.
Oxford: Clarendon Press
.
31.
Cowen, M.1981: Commodity production in Kenya’s central
province. In
Heyer, J.
,
Roberts, P.
and
Williams, G.
, eds, Rural development in Tropical Africa.
London: Macmillan
, 121-142.
32.
Cowen, M.
and
Shenton, R.1996: Doctrines of development.
London: Routledge
.
33.
Cowen, N.
and
Shenton, R.1998a: Doctrines of development.
London: Routledge
.
34.
25(3),
31-62
.
35.
Cramer, C.
and
Pontara, N.1997: Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique:
what’s missing form the debate? SOAS Dept. of Economics Working
Paper 68.
36.
Cramer, C.1999:
Can Africa industrialize by processing primary commodities? The case of
Mozambican cashew nuts
. World Development27(7),
1247-1266
.
37.
Crook, R.1988: Farmers and the state. In
Rimmer, D.
, ed, Rural transformation in tropical AfricaLondon: Belhaven Press
, 116-137.
38.
Crook, R.1995: Ivory Coast. In
Wiseman, J.
, ed, Democracy and political change in sub-Saharan Africa.
London: Routledge
, 11-45.
39.
Crummey, D.
ed, 1986: Banditry rebellion and social protest in
Africa.
London: James Currey
.
40.
de Boeck, F.1996: Postcolonialism, power, and identity: local and global
perspectives from Zaire. In
Werbner, R.
and
Ranger, T.
, eds, Post-colonial identities in Africa.
London: Zed Press
, 75-107.
41.
Edwards, M.1989:
The irrelevance of development studies
. Third World Quarterly11(1),
1156-1236
.
42.
Ellis, F.1982:
Agricultural marketing and peasant-state transfers in Tanzania
. Journal of Peasant Studies10(4),
214-243
.
43.
Feierman, S.1990: Peasant intellectuals. Anthropology and history in
Tanzania.
Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
.
44.
Fine, B.
and
Rustomjee, Z.1996: The political economy of South Africa.
London: Hurst
.
45.
First, R.1977: Black gold.
Brighton: Harvester
.
46.
Foster-Carter, A.1978:
The modes of production controversy
. New Left Review107,
47-77
.
47.
Frank, A. G.1978: Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment.
London: Macmillan
.
48.
Geffray, C.1991: A causa das armas: antropologia da guerra em
Moçambique.
Porto: Afrontamento
.
49.
Gereffi, G.
and
Korzeniewicz, M.
, eds, 1994: Commodity chains and global capitalism.
Westport CT: Praeger
.
50.
Gibbon, P.1997:
Prawns and piranhas: the political economy of a Tanzanian private sector
marketing chain
. Journal of Peasant Studies24(4),
1-86
.
51.
Hanlon, J.2000.
Power without accountability: The World Bank and cashew nuts in Mozambique
. Review of African Political Economy27(85),
29-45
.
52.
Harries, P.1994: Work culture and identity.
Oxford: James Currey
.
53.
Harrison, D.1988: The sociology of modernization and development.
London: Routledge
.
54.
Harrison, G.1998:
Marketing legitimacy in rural Mozambique: the case of Mecúfi
District, northern Mozambique
. Journal of Modern African Studies36(4),
569-593
.
55.
Harrison, G.2000: Grassroots governance: the politics of rural democratisation
in Mozambique.
Lampeter: Edwin Mellen
.
56.
Havnevik, K.1993: Tanzania: the limits to development from above.
Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
.
57.
Helleiner, D.1966: Peasant agriculture, government and economic growth in
Nigeria.
Homewood: Richard D. Irwin
.
58.
Heyer, J.1981: Agricultural development policy in Kenya from the colonial
period to 1975. In
Heyer, J.
,
Roberts, P.
and
Williams, G.
, eds, Rural development in tropical Africa.
London: Macmillan
, 90-120.
59.
Hyden, G.1980: Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania.
London: Heinemann
.
60.
Hyden, G.1987:
Final rejoinder
. Development and Change18(4),
637-659
.
61.
Isaacman, A.1990:
Peasants and rural social protest in Africa
. African studies Review33(2),
1-121
.
62.
Isaacman, A.1996: Cotton is the mother of poverty.
London: James Currey
.
63.
Isaacman, A.
and
Roberts, R.
, eds, 1995: Cotton colonialism and social history in
sub-Saharan Africa.
London: James Currey
.
64.
Jewsiewicki, B.1980:
Political consciousness among the African peasants in the Belgian Congo
. Review of African Political Economy19,
23-32
.
65.
Journal of Contemporary African Studies1997:
The politics of identity
. Special Issue 15,
1-1
.
66.
Kasfir, N.1986:
Are peasants self-sufficient?Development and Change17,
335-357
.
67.
Kay, C.1989: Latin American theories of development and
underdevelopment.
London: Routledge
.
68.
Kitching, G.1980: Class and economic change in Kenya. The making of an African
petite bourgeoisieLondon: Yale University Press
.
69.
Kitching, G.1982: Development and underdevelopment in historical
perspective.
London: Methuen
.
70.
Lele, U.1975: The design of rural development. Lessons from AfricaBaltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University
Press/World Bank
.
71.
Lipton, M.1982: Why poor people stay poor. In
Harriss, J.
, ed, Rural development: theories of peasant economy and agrarian
change.
London: Hutchinson
, 66-81.
72.
Lummis, C.1991:
Development against democracy
. Alternatives16(1),
31-66
.
73.
MacGaffey, J.1991: The real economy of Zaire.
London: James Currey
.
74.
Mackintosh, M.1987:
Agricultural marketing and socialist accumulation: a case study of maize
marketing in Mozambique
. Journal of Peasant Studies14(2),
243-267
.
75.
Maliyamkono, T.
and
Bagachwa, M.1990: The second economy in Tanzania.
London: James Currey
.
76.
Mayoux, L.1995:
Beyond naivety: women, gender inequality and participatory development
. Development and Change26(2),
235-259
.
77.
McMichael, P.1997:
Rethinking globalization: the agrarian question revisited
. Review of International Political Economy4(4),
630-663
.
78.
Meillassoux, C.1981: Maidens meal and money.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
79.
Munslow, B.1981:
The fly and the spider’s web: Mozambique in the southern African
regional subsystem
. Manchester Discussion papers in Development Studies.
80.
Munslow, B.1985:
Prospects for the socialist transition of agriculture in Zimbabwe
. World Development13(1),
41-58
.
81.
Newbury, C.1980:
Ubureetwa and Thangata: catalysts to peasant political consciousness in
Rwanda and Malawi
. Canadian Journal of African Studies14(1),
97-113
.
82.
O’Laughlin, B.1996:
Through a divided glass: dualism, class and the agrarian question in Mozambique
. Journal of Peasant Studies23(4),
1-39
.
83.
O’Laughlin, B.1998:
Missing men? The debate over rural poverty and women-headed households in
southern Africa
. Journal of Peasant Studies25,
21-48
.
84.
Orvis, S.1993:
The Kenyan agrarian debate: a reappraisal
. African Studies Review36(3),
23-49
.
85.
Pankhurst, D.1995:
Towards reconciliation of the land issue in Namibia: identifying the
possible, assessing the probable
. Development and Change26(3),
551-587
.
86.
Ponte, S.1998:
Fast crops, fast cash: market liberalization and rural livelihoods in
Songea and Morogoro districts, Tanzania
. Canadian Journal of African Studies32(2),
316-349
.
87.
Raikes, P.1982: The state and the peasantry in Tanzania. In
Harriss, J.
, ed, Rural development: theories of peasant economy and agrarian
change.
London: Hutchinson
, 350-380.
88.
Ribeiro, A.1999: Institutional development for community-based resource
management research. In
Ferraz, B.
and
Munslow, B.
, eds, Sustainable development in Mozambique, 88-97.
89.
Rodney, W.1972: How Europe underdeveloped Africa.
London: Bogle l’Ouverture
.
90.
Scott, J.1985: Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant
resistance.
London: Yale University Press
.
91.
Seddon, D.1978: Relations of production - Marxist approaches to economic
anthropology.
London: Frank Cass
.
92.
Seers, D.
, ed, 1981: Dependency theory: a critical reassessment.
London: Pinter
.
93.
Simelane, H.1995:
Labour migration and rural transformation in post colonial Swaziland
. Journal of Contemporary African Studies13(2),
207-227
.
94.
Sogge, D.
, ed, 1996: Compassion and calculation.
London: Pluto Press
.
95.
Spivak, G.1988: Can the subaltern speak? In
Nelson, C.
and
Grossberg, L.
, eds, Marxism and the interpretation of culture.
Basingstoke: Macmillan
, 311-357.
96.
Stoneman, C.
, ed, 1988: Zimbabwe’s prospects.
London: Macmillan
.
97.
Swantz, M.
and
Tripp, A.1996: What went right in Tanzania: people’s response to
directed development.
Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press
.
98.
Taylor, J.1979: From modernisation to modes of production: a critique of the
sociology of development and underdevelopment.
London: Macmillan
.
99.
Van den Berg, J.1987:
A peasant form of production: wage-dependent agriculture in southern Mozambique
. Canadian Journal of African Studies.
XXI(3),
375-389
.
100.
Van Onselen, C.1980: Chibaro: African mine labour in Southern Rhodesia,
1900-1933.
Johannesburg: Ravan Press
.
101.
Walt, G.
and
Melamed, A.1983: Mozambique: towards a people’s health service.
London: Zed Press
.
102.
Weeks, J.
and
Jamal, V.1993: Africa misunderstood: or whatever happened to the rural-urban gap?London: Macmillan
.
103.
Weiner, D.1988: Land and agricultural development. In
Stoneman, C.
, ed, Zimbabwe’s prospects.
London: Macmillan
, 63-90.
104.
Whiteside
, 1998: Living farms: encouraging sustainable smallholders in
southern Africa.
London: Earthscan
.
105.
Williams, G.1976: Taking the part of the peasants: rural development in
Nigeria and Tanzania. In
Gutkind, P.
and
Wallerstein, I.
, eds, The political economy of contemporary Africa.
Beverly Hills CA: Sage
, 131-154.
106.
Williams, G.1985:
Marketing boards in Nigeria
. Review of African Political Economy34,
4-15
.
107.
Williams, G.1987:
Primitive accumulation: the way to progress?Development and Change18(4),
637-659
.
108.
Wolpe, H.1972:
Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid
. Economy and Society1(4),
2-30
.
109.
Wolpe, H.1980: The articulation of modes of production.
London: Routledge
.
