News from Iraq in the Western media is highly dependent upon Iraqi journalists and
coworkers, especially fixers. This is partly due to the degradation of the security
situation since the 2003 invasion, and partly due to language: few Western
journalists speak Arabic at a professional level of competence. Interviews with
Western journalists and fixers in Iraq reveal the high level of dependence involved.
They also reveal some commonalities of understanding of the relationships between
journalists and fixers and some significant differences. The dependence upon fixers
is seen in the light of changes in foreign news gathering in Western media,
especially the use of ‘parachute’ journalists.
Arnett, P.
(1998)
‘The State of the American Newspaper. Goodbye, World’
, American Journalism Review11:
50-67
.
2.
Auletta, K.
(2001)
‘Battle Stations. How Long Will the Networks Stick with the News?’
, The New Yorker 10 December, URL (consulted September 2004): http://www.kenauletta.com/battlestations.html
3.
Boldrick, J.
(2004) ‘Editing Conflicts in the Post-9/11
World’, Overseas Press Club of America panel report, URL (consulted
September 2004): http://www.opcofamerica.org/events/articles/9-11_091504.php
4.
Campagna, J. and H. Sabra (2004) URL (consulted December 2004): http://www.cpj.org/briefings/2004/iraq_journ_5_04/iraq_journ_5_04.html
5.
CPJ (Committee for the Protection of Journalists)
(2006) ‘Iraq: Journalists in
Danger’, URL (consulted September 2006): http:www.cpj.org/briefings/Iraq/Iraq_danger.html
6.
Fenton, T.
(2004) ‘Covering Iraq Too Risky?’,
URL (consulted September 2006): http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/10/opinion/fenton/main665767.shtml
7.
Feuilherade, P.
(2004) ‘Reporting Falluja -
“America’s Second War” in Iraq’,
BBC Monitoring Services report, URL (consulted September 2004): http://www.newssafety.com/stories/bbc/iraq9.htm
8.
Foreman, J.
(2003) ‘Bad Reporting in Baghdad’,
Weekly Standard 12 May. Quoted in Project for a New American Century, URL (consulted
September 2004): http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-20030505.htm
9.
Hamilton, J. M.
and
E. Jenner
(2004)
‘Redefining Foreign Correspondence’
, Journalism5(3):
301-321
.
10.
Hess, S.
(1996) International News and Foreign Correspondents.
Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
.
11.
Hilsum, L.
(2004)
‘Falluja Can Only Be Won When the Battle Ends and People Have Water’
, Observer 7 November.
12.
Howard, M.
(2004)
‘Massacre of 50 Iraqi Soldiers. National Guards Shot in Back of Head’
, The Guardian 25 October.
13.
IFJ (International Federation of Journalists)
(2006) ‘The Year in Focus’, URL
(consulted September 2006): http://www.ifj.org/pdf/AsiaEurMENA.pdf
14.
INSI (International News Safety Institute)
(2004) ‘Correspondents Say Iraq Too Dangerous to
Report Properly’, URL (consulted September 2006): http://www.newssafety.com/stories/miscagencies/iraq12.htm
15.
INSI (International News Safety Institute)
(2006) ‘Iraq War Casualties’, IRL
(consulted November 2006): http://www.newssafety.com/casualties/iraqcasualties.doc
16.
Johns, D.
(2004) ‘Dangerous Deadlines’, URL
(consulted September 2006): http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq401/charta.html
17.
Marting, S.
(2004)
‘Shortage of Interpreters Foreshadowed Prison Excesses’
, St Petersburg Times 20 May, URL (consulted December 2004): http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2004/040520-interpreters-shortage.htm
18.
Pew
(2002) ‘Newspaper Editors Critical of International
News Coverage Following 9/11 Terrorist Attacks’, URL (consulted
September 2004): http://www.pewtrusts.com/news/news_subpage.cfm?content_item_id=1087&content_type_id=7&page=nr1
Prothero, P. M.
(2004)
‘Letter from Iraq’
, Dangerous Assignments (Winter/Fall)
9-10
, URL (consulted December 2004): http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2004/DA_fall04/Iraq_Prothero_DA_fall04.html
21.
Rosenblum, M.
(1993) Who Stole the News? Why We Can’t Keep Up
with What Happens in the World and What We Can Do About It.
New York & Chichester: Wiley
.
22.
Rubin, M.
(2004) ‘Where Are the Refugees?’,
URL (consulted September 2006): http://www.nationalreview.com/rubin/rubin200406210825.asp
23.
Sanit, T.
(1992)
‘The New Unreality. When TV Reporters Don’t Report’
, Columbia Journalism Review (May/June), URL
(consulted September 2004): http://archives.cjr.org/year/92/3/unreality.asp
24.
Sperry, P.
(2004) ‘Army Interpreters Betraying Soldiers. U.S.
Resorts to Hiring Ex-Saddam Loyalists to Gather Intelligence’,
WorldNetDaily.com 10 February, URL (consulted December 2004): http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=37039
25.
Tumber, H.
and
J. Palmer
(2004) Media at War. The Iraq Crisis.
London: Sage
.
26.
Washburn, D.
(2004)
‘Contractor Titan’s Hiring Faulted’
, San Diego Union Tribune 21 May, URL (consulted May 2004): http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20040521-9999-1n21titan.html
27.
Witchel, E.
(2004) ‘The Fixers’, URL (consulted
September 2006): http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2004/DA_fall04/fixers/fixers.html
