Effectiveness of short and straight carbon nanotubes on dispersion state and static/dynamic mechanical properties of woven glass fibre-reinforced polymer laminates

Abstract

This study reports about the dispersibility of short, straight and pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (pCNTs) in epoxy and their effectiveness on the mechanical properties of three-phased GF/epoxy/pCNT laminates. These nanotubes were produced by arc discharge method and had an average aspect ratio (l/d) of 100. Glass fibre-reinforced polymer samples with four different weight fractions of these nanotubes (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt.% of the total matrix system) were fabricated and tested for their thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties. These carbon nanotubes with small aspect ratio contributed well to the strengthening mechanism due to their homogeneous dispersion. Fractography revealed that these nanotubes formed aligned arrays that minimized entanglements between the individual tubes, thus leading to lesser agglomerates up to 1.5 wt.% of carbon nanotube loading. However, the samples modified with 2.0 wt.% of nanotubes had lesser individual tubes and more of their aggregates. Unmodified glass fibre-reinforced polymer samples had a glass transition temperature (T_g) of 139.2℃, whereas addition of 1.5 wt.% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes increased the same to 160℃. Similarly, these specimens witnessed about 21% and 34% enhancement in tensile and flexure strength over the control samples, respectively. However, these trends dropped at 2.0 wt.% carbon nanotube loading owing to nanotubes aggregation but were higher than those of the neat epoxy composite. Samples containing carbon nanotubes witnessed higher fatigue life which proves that multi-walled carbon nanotubes with smaller aspect ratio are capable of obstructing fatigue crack growth.