In this article I discuss problems and possibilities connected with commissioned archaeology in wetlands. The cultural heritage of wetlands is threatened by large-scale infrastructure projects, and there is a need within commissioned archaeology to develop approaches and techniques for systematic surveying in wetlands. With examples from an on-going project in southern Sweden, different surveying techniques are presented together with some results and interpretations. Attempts to grasp the complexity of the wetlands right from the beginning of the project proved to be fruitful, in that the palaeoenvironmental interpretations were decisive for the selection of sites for trial excavations. Interpretation of peatland expansion through time was important for the reading of the landscape and the search for settlement sites. Some techniques for trial excavations in waterlogged peat are also presented.
AABY, BENT , 1986. Palaeoecological studies of mires. In: B.E. Berglund , (ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology: 145-164. Chichester: Wiley .
2.
AABY, BENT and GUNNAR DIGERFELDT , 1986. Sampling techniques for lakes and bogs. In: B.E. Berglund , (ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology: 181-194. Chichester: Wiley .
3.
AVERDIECK, F.R. , H. HAYEN , A.L. HEATHWAITE and H. WILLKOMM , 1993. The chronology of mire development. In A.L. Heathwaite and K. Göttlich , (eds), Mires—Process, Exploitation and Conservation: 123-170. Chichester: Wiley .
4.
BEHRE, KARL-ERNST, 2000. Frühe Ackersysteme, Düngemethoden und die Entstehung der nordwestdeutschen Heiden. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 30:135-151.
5.
BERGLUND, BJÖRN E. , ed., 1991. The Cultural Landscape During 6000 Years in Southern Sweden—the Ystad Project. Ecological Bulletins 41.
6.
BIRKS, H.J.B. and H.H. BIRKS , 1980. Quaternary Palaeoecology. London: Arnold .
7.
BLYTT, AXEL, 1893. Om de fytogeografiske og fytopalæontologiske grunde for at antage klimatvexlinger under kvartærtiden. Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger 1893-1895:1-52.
8.
BROTHWELL, DON , 1986. The Bog Man and the Archaeology of People. London: British Museum Publications .
9.
CHARMAN, DAN , 2002. Peatlands and Environmental Change. Chichester: Wiley .
10.
COLES, BRYONY and ADRIAN OLIVIER , eds, 2001. The Heritage Management of Wetlands. Brussels: Europae Archaeologiae Consilium (Occasional paper 1).
11.
COLES, JOHN , 1984. The Archaeology of Wetlands. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press .
12.
COLES, JOHN and BRYONY COLES , 1996. Enlarging the Past—The Contribution of Wetland Archaeology. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland .
13.
DIGERFELDT, GUNNAR , 1988. Reconstruction and regional correlation of Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Lake Bysjön, South Sweden . Boreas17: 165-182 .
14.
DIGERFELDT, GUNNAR , 1997. Reconstruction of Holocene lake-level changes in Lake Kalvsjön, southern Sweden, with a contribution to the local palaeohydrology at the Elm Decline . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany6: 9-14 .
15.
EDWARDS, KEVIN J. , 1991. Using space in cultural palynology: the value of the off-site pollen records. In David R. Harris and Kenneth D. Thomas , (eds), Modelling Ecological Change—Perspectives from Neoecology, Palaeoecology and Environmental Archaeology: 61-73. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London .
16.
EGGELSMANN, R. , A.L. HEATHWAITE , G. GROSSE-BRAUCKMANN , E. KÜSTER , W. NAUCKE , M. SCHUCH and V. SCHWEICKLE , 1993. Physical processes and properties of mires. In A.L. Heathwaite and K. Göttlich (eds), Mires—Process, Exploitation and Conservation: 171-262. Chichester: Wiley .
17.
EKSTRÖM, JONAS , 1993. The late Quaternary history of the urus (Bos primigenius Bojanus 1827) in Sweden . Lundqua Thesis29: 1-129 .
18.
FRÖDIN, OTTO, 1910. En svensk pålbyggnad från stenåldern. Fornvännen: 29-77.
19.
GLOB, PETER V. , 1969. The Bog People—Iron-Age Man Preserved. New York: Cornell University Press .
20.
GRANLUND, ERIK, 1932. De svenska högmossarnas geologi—Deras bildningsbetingelser, utvecklingshistoria och utbredning jämte sambandet mellan högmossbildning och försumpning. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Serie C 373:1-193.
21.
HAGBERG, ULF-ERIK , 1967. The Archaeology of Skedemosse. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell .
22.
HEATHWAITE, A.L. and K. GÖTTLICH , eds, 1993. Mires—Process, Exploitation and Conservation. Chichester: Wiley .
23.
HEATHWAITE, A.L. , K. GÖTTLICH , E.G. BURGMEISTER , G. KAULE and T. GROSPIETSCH , 1993. Mires: definitions and form. In A.L. Heathwaite and K. Göttlich (eds), Mires—Process, Exploitation and Conservation: 1-75. Chichester: Wiley .
24.
JOWSEY, P.C. , 1966. An improved peat sampler . New Phytologist65: 245-248 .
25.
KARSTEN, PER , 1994. Att kasta yxan i sjön—En studie över rituell tradition och förändring utifrån skånska neolitiska offerfynd. [English summary: To throw the axe in lake—A study of ritual tradition and change from Scanian Neolithic votive offerings.]Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8° 23).
26.
KARSTEN, PER and BO KNARRSTRÖM, eds, 2001a. Skånska spår—arkeologi längs Västkustbanan. Tågerup—Specialstudier. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.
27.
KARSTEN, PER and BO KNARRSTRÖM , 2001b. Tågerup—fifteen hundred years of Mesolithic occupation in western Scania, Sweden: a preliminary view . European Journal of Archaeology4(2): 165-174 .
28.
LAGERÅS, PER , 1996. Farming and forest dynamics in an agriculturally marginal area of southern Sweden, 5000 BC to present: a palynological study of Lake Avegöl in the Småland Uplands . The Holocene6: 301-314 .
29.
LARSSON, LARS , 1983. Ageröd V—An Atlantic Bog Site in Central Scania. Lund: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia (Series in 8° 12).
30.
LILJEGREN, RONNIE and PER LAGERÅS, 1993. Från mammutstäpp till kohage—Djurens historia i Sverige. Lund: Liljegren & Lagerås.
31.
LOUWE KOOIJMANS, L.P., ed., 2001. Archeologie in de Betuweroute: Hardinxveld-Giessendam De Bruin—Ein kampplaats uit het Laat-Mesolithicum en het begin van der Swifterbant-cultur (5500-4450 v. Chr.). Amersfoort: Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg 88.
32.
MALMER, MATS P. , 1978. Forskningsprojektet Alvastra pålbyggnad. [English summary: The Alvastra pile dwelling Research Project.]Fornvännen73: 149-158 .
33.
MONTELIUS, OSCAR, 1917. Minnen från vår forntid 1. Stenåldern och bronsåldern. Stockholm: Norstedt.
NILSSON, TAGE, 1968. Pollenanalytische Datierung def Pfeilfunde aus Loshult im nördlichsten Schonen. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 90:537-546.
36.
OLDEBERG, ANDREAS, 1954. Två förhistoriska vagnfynd från Skåne och Småland. Fornvännen 54:193-210.
37.
OLSSON, MARGARETA , LASSE WALLIN and PER LAGERÅS, 1999. From arable lowland to wooded uplands. A linear project in northern Scania, Sweden . Abstract in Charlotte Fabech and Jytte Ringtved , (eds), Settlement and Landscape. Proceedings of a Conference in Århus, Denmark, 4-7 May 1998: 119-121 . Moesgård: Jutland Archaeology Society.
38.
OLSSON, SIV , JOACHIM REGNÉLL , ANDERS PERSSON and PER SANDGREN , 1997. Sediment-chemistry response to land-use change and pollutant loading in a hypertrophic lake, southern Sweden . Journal of Paleolimnology17: 275-294 .
39.
PEDERSEN, LISBETH, ANDERS FISCHER and BENT AABY, eds, 1997. Storebælt i 10.000 år—Mennesket, havet og skoven. Copenhagen: A/S Storebæltforbindelsen.
40.
PETERSSON [MALMER], MATS, 1951. Mikrolithen als Pfeilspitzen—Ein Fund aus dem Lilla Loshult-Moor, Ksp. Loshult, Skåne. Meddelanden från Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum: 123-137.
41.
PFADENHAUER, J. , H. SCHNEEKLOTH , R. SCHNEIDER and S. SCHNEIDER , 1993. Mire distribution. In A.L. Heathwaite and K. Göttlich , (eds), Mires—Process, Exploitation and Conservation: 77-121. Chichester: Wiley .
42.
RAFTERY, BARRY , 1992. Recent developments in Irish wetland research. In Bryony Coles , (ed.), The Wetland Revolution in Prehistory: 29-36. Exeter: University of Exeter (WARP occasional paper 6).
43.
REGNELL, MATS , MARIE-JOSÉ GAILLARD , THOMAS SEIP BARTHOLIN and PER KARSTEN , 1995. Reconstruction of environment and history of plant use during the late Mesolithic (Ertebølle culture) at the inland settlement of Bökeberg III, southern Sweden . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany4: 67-91 .
44.
SALOMONSON, BENGT, 1958. Om stockbåtar. Skånes Hembygdsförbunds Årsbok: 56-71.
45.
SANDKLEF, ALBERT, 1943. Bockstensmannen och hans olycksbröder Stockholm: Saxon & Lidström.
46.
SERNANDER, RUTGER , 1908. On the evidence of Postglacial changes of climate furnished by the peat-mosses of northern Europe . Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar30: 465-473 .
47.
SKOGLUND, PETER and PER LAGERÅS, 2002. En vendeltida vagn från södra Småland—fyndet från Skirsnäs mosse i ny belysning. Fornvännen 97:73-86.
48.
SPERANZA, ALESSANDRA , JULIANE HANKE , BAS VAN GEL and JOSEF FANTA , 2000. Late-Holocene human impact and peat development in the Cerná Hora bog, Krkonose Mountains, Czech Republic . The Holocene10: 575-585 .
49.
STJERNQUIST, BERTA , TAGE NILSSON and ORVAR NYBELIN , 1953. Some Stone Age fishing tackle from Scania . Meddelanden från Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum1952-1953: 123-148 .
50.
SUNDELIN, UNO, 1920. Om stenåldersfolkets och sjönötens invandring till Småländska höglandet. Ymer: 131-195.
51.
VAN DE NOORT , ROBERT, WILLIAM FLETCHER , GAVIN THOMAS , IAN CARSTAIRS and DAVID PATRICK , 2002. Monuments at Risk in England’s Wetlands. Exeter: University of Exeter Press .
52.
VON POST, LENNART, 1913. Über stratigraphische Zweigliederung schwedischer Hochmoore. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ser. C 248:1-52.
53.
[Translated into English in 1967 in Pollen and Spores9: 375-401 .]
54.
WALLIN, LASSE, MARGARETA OLSSON, PÄR CONNELID, PER KARSTEN, BO KNARRSTRÖM, PER LAGERÅS, ANNA MATTISSON, MARIE OLSSON and STEN SKANSJÖ, 1997. Arkeologisk utredning från Örkelljunga till länsgränsen. Riksantikvarieämbetet UV Syd Rapport 1997:58. Stockholm: Riksantikvarieämbetet.
55.
WELINDER, STIG, 1971. Tidigpostglacialt mesoliticum i Skåne. Lund: Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 8° Minore 1.
