Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding of Unknown Origin: Tricks of the Trade

Raju GS Gerson L Das A Lewis B : American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1697–1717.

Ell C May A : Mid-gastrointestinal bleeding: Capsule endoscopy and push-and-pull enteroscopy give rise to a new medical term. Endoscopy 2006;38:73–75.

Raju GS Gerson L Das A Lewis B : American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute medical position statement on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1694–1696.

Longstreth GF : Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:419–424.

Peura DA Lanza FL Gostout CJ Foutch PG : The American College of Gastroenterology Bleeding Registry: Preliminary findings. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:924–928.

Yoon W Jeong YY Shin SS : Acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding: Detection and localization with arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology 2006;239:160–167.

Elta GH : Urgent colonoscopy for acute lower-GI bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2004;59:402–408.

Holcomb JB Helling TS Hirshberg A : Military, civilian, and rural application of the damage control philosophy. Mil Med 2001;166:490–493.

Chaudhry V Hyser MJ Gracias VH Gau FC : Colonoscopy: The initial test for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Surg 1998;64:723–728.

Barnert J Messmann H : Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:637–646.

Barnert J Messmann H : Management of lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2008;22:295–312.

Funaki B : Microcatheter embolization of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: An old idea whose time has come. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2004;27:591–599.

Farrell JJ Friedman LS : Review article: The management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:1281–1298.

Shetzline MA Suhocki P Dash R : Provocative angiography in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. South Med J 2000;93:1205–1208.

Green BT Rockey DC : Lower gastrointestinal bleeding — Management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005;34:665–678.

Howarth DM : The role of nuclear medicine in the detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Nucl Med 2006;36:133–146.

Laing CJ Tobias T Rosenblum DI : Acute gastrointestinal bleeding: Emerging role of multidetector CT angiography and review of current imaging techniques. Radiographics 2007;27:1055–1070.

Tew K Davies RP Jadun CK Kew J : MDCT of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:427–430.

Czymek R Kempf A Roblick UJ : Surgical treatment concepts for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:2212–2220.

Farner R Lichliter W Kuhn J Fisher T : Total colectomy versus limited colonic resection for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Surg 1999;178:587–591.

Stabile BE Stamos MJ : Surgical management of gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2000;29:189–222.

Renzulli P Maurer CA Netzer P : Subtotal colectomy with primary ileorectostomy is effective for unlocalized, diverticular hemorrhage. Langenbeck's Arch Surg 2002;387:67–71.