Blunt Splenic Trauma

Cogbill TH Moore EE Jurkovich GJ Morris JA Mucha P Jr Shackford SR Stolee RT Moore FA Pilcher S LoCicero R : Nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma: A multicenter experience. J Trauma 1989;29:1312–1317.

Coburn MC Pfeifer J DeLuca FG Nonoperative management of splenic and hepatic trauma in the multiply injured pediatric and adolescent patient. Arch Surg 1995;130:332–338.

Buntain WL Gould HR Maull KI Predictability of splenic salvage by computed tomography J Trauma 1988; 28: 24–31.

Keller MS Vane DW Management of pediatric blunt splenic injury: Comparison of pediatric and adult trauma surgeons. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:221–225.

Lally KP Rosario V Mahour GH Wooley MM Evolution in the management of splenic injury in children. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:245–248.

Lucas CE Splenic trauma Ann Surg 1991; 213: 98–112.

Longo WE Baker CC McMillen MA Modlin IM Dequtis LC Zucker KA Nonoperative management of adult blunt splenic trauma: Criteria for successful outcome. Ann Surg 1989;210:626–629.

Koury HI Peschiera JL Welling RE Non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma: A 10-year experience. Injury 1991;22:349–352.

Feliciano PD Mullins RJ Trunkey DD Crass RA Beck JR Helfand M A decision analysis of traumatic splenic injuries. J Trauma 1992;33:340–348.

Malangoni MA Cue JI Fallat ME Willing SJ Richardson JD Evaluation of splenic injury by computed tomography and its impact on treatment. Ann Surg 1990;210:592–599.

Pachter HL Spencer FC Hofstetter SR Liang HG Hoballah J Coppa CF Experience with selective operative and nonoperative treatment of splenic injuries in 193 patients. Ann Surg 1990;211:583–591.

Powell M Courcoulas A Gardner M Lynch J Harbrecht BG Udekwu AO Billiar TR Federle M Ferris J Meza MP Peitzman AB Management of blunt splenic trauma: Significant differences between adults and children. Surgery 1997;122:654–660.

Davis KA Fabian TC Croce MA Gavant ML Flick PA Minard G Kudsk KA Pritchard FE Improved success in nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries: Embolization of splenic artery pseudoaneurysms. J Trauma 1998;44:1008–1015.

Haan JM Biffl W Knudson M Davis KA Oka T Majerick S Dickar R Marder S Scalea TM Western Trauma Association Multi-Institutional Trials Committee: Splenic embolization revisited: A multicenter review. J Trauma 2004; 56: 542–547.

Cocanour CS Moore FA Ware DN Marvin RG Clark JM Duke JH Delayed complications of nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma. Arch Surg 1998;133:619–625.

Pachter HL Guth AA Hofstetter SR Spencer FC Changing patterns in the management of splenic trauma: The impact of nonoperative management. Ann Surg 1998;227:708–719.

Konstantakos AK Barnoski AL Plaisier BR Yowler CJ Fallon WF Jr Malangoni MA Optimizing the management of blunt splenic injury in adults and children. Surgery 1999;126:805–813.

Alonso M Brathwaite C Garcia V Practice management guidelines for the nonoperative management of blunt injury to the liver and spleen. EAST Practice Parameter Workgroup for Solid Organ Injury Management (EAST webpage).

Brasel KJ DeLisle CM Olson CJ Borgstrom DC Splenic injury: Trends in evaluation and management. J Trauma 1998;44:283–286.

Peitzman AB Heil B Rivera L Federle MB Harbrecht BG Clancy KD Croce M Enderson BL Morris JA Shatz D Meredith JW Ochoa JB Fakhry SM Cushman JG Minei JP McCarthy M Luchette FA Townsend R Tinkoff G Block EF Ross S Frykberg ER Bell RM Davis F Weireter L Shapiro MB Blunt splenic injury in adults: Multi-institutional study of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 2000; 49: 177–189.

Holdsworth RJ Irving AD Cuschieri A Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: Actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg 1991;78:1031–1038.

Singer DB Postsplenectomy sepsis. Perspect Pediatric Pathol 1973;1:285–311.

Sutyak JP Chiu WC D'Amelio LF Amorosa JK Hammond JS Computed tomography is inaccurate in estimating the severity of adult splenic injury. J Trauma 1995; 39: 514–518.

Schurr MJ Fabian TC Gavant M Croce MA Kudsk KA Minard G Woodman G Pritchard FE Management of blunt splenic trauma: Computed tomographic contrast blush predicts failure of nonoperative management. J Trauma 1995;39:507–513.

Smith JS Wengrovitz MA DeLong BS Prospective validation of criteria, including age, for safe, nonsurgical management of the ruptured spleen. J Trauma 1992; 33:363–369.

Barone JE Burns G Svehlak SA Tucker JB Korwin S Atweh N Donnelly V Management of blunt splenic trauma in patients older than 55 years. J Trauma 1999;46:87–90.

Bee TK Croce MA Miller PR Protchard FE Fabian TC Failures of splenic nonoperative management: Is the glass half empty or half full. J Trauma 2001;50:230–236.

Nix JA Costanza M Daley BJ Powell MA Enderson BL The outcome of current management of splenic injuries. J Trauma 2001;50:835–842.

Velmahos GC Chan LS Kamel E Murray JA Yassa N Kahaku D Berne TV Demetriades D Nonoperative management of splenic injuries: Have we gone too far? Arch Surg 2000;135:674–681.

Cathey KL Brady WJ Jr Butler K Blow O Cephas GA Young JS Blunt splenic trauma: Characteristics of patients requiring urgent laparotomy. Ann Surg 1998;64:450–454.

Resciniti A Fink MP Raptopoulos V Davidoff A Silva WE Nonoperative management of adult splenic trauma: Development of computed tomographic scoring system that detects appropriate candidates for expectant management. J Trauma 1988;28:828–831.

Moore EE Cogbill TH Jurkovich GJ Shackford SR Malangani MA Champion HR Organ injury scaling: Spleen and liver (1994 revision). J Trauma 1995;38:323–326.

Ballard RB Rozycki GS Newman PG Cubillos JE Salomone JP Ingram WL Feliciano DV An algorithm to reduce the incidence of false-negative FAST examinations in patients at high risk for occult injury. Focused assessment for the sonographic examination of the trauma patient. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189: 145–151.

Chiu WC Cushing BM Rodriguez A Ho SM Mirvis SE Shanmuqanathan K Stein M Abdominal injuries without hemoperitoneum: A potential limitation of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST). J Trauma 1997;42:617–625.

Krupnick AS Teitelbaum DH Geiger JD Strouse PJ Cox CS Blane CE Polley TZ Use of abdominal ultrasonography to assess pediatric splenic trauma. Potential pitfalls in the diagnosis. Ann Surg 1997; 225: 408–414.

Haan J Ilahi ON Kramer M Scalea TM Myers J Protocoldriven nonoperative management in patients with splenic trauma and minimal associated injury decreases length of stay. J Trauma 2003;55:317–322.

Luna GK Dellinger EP Nonoperative observation for splenic injuries: A safe therapeutic option? Am J Surg 1987;153:462–468.

Jacobs IA Kelly K Valenziano C Pawar J Jones C Nonoperative management of blunt splenic and hepatic trauma in the pediatric population: Significant differences between adult and pediatric surgeons. Am Surg 2001;67:149–154.

Richardson JD Changes in the management of injuries to the liver and spleen. J Am Coll Surg 2005;200:670–676.

Morris DH Bullock FD The importance of the spleen in resistance to infection. Ann Surg 1919;70:513–521.

Sherman R Perspectives in the management of injury to the spleen: 1979 AAST Presidential address. J Trauma 1980;20:1–13.

Lynch JM Meza MP Newman B Gardner MJ Albanese CT Computed tomography grade of splenic injury is predictive of the time required for radiographic healing. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:1093–1096.

Kluger Y Rabau M Rub R Weinbroum A Chaushu G Ben-Avraham R Dayan RN Comparative study of splenic wound healing in young and adult rats. J Trauma 1999;47:261–264.

Peitzman AB Ford HR Harbrecht BG Potoka DA Townsend RN Injury to the spleen. Curr Prob Surg 2001;38:921–1008.

Miller MT Pasquale MD Bromberg WJ Wasser TE Cox J Not so FAST. J Trauma 2003;54:52–60.

Harbrecht BG Zenati MS Ochoa JB Townsend RN Puyana JC Wilson MA Peitzman AB Management of adult blunt splenic injuries in comparison between level I and level II trauma centers. J Amer Coll Surg 2004;198:232–239.

Haan JM Bochicchio GV Kramer N Scalea TM Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: A 5-year experience. J Trauma 2005;58:492–498.

Harbrecht BG Peitzman AB Rivera L Heil B Croce M Morris JA Jr Enderson BL Kurek S Pasquale M Frykberg ER Minei JP Meredith JW Young J Kealey GP Ross S Luchette FA McCarthy M Davis F Shatz D Tinkoff G Block EF Cone JB Jones LM Chalifoux T Federle MB Clancy KD Ochoa JB Fakhry SM Towsend R Bell RM Weireter L Shapiro MB Rogers F Dunham CM McAuley CE Contribution of age and gender to outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults: Multicenter study of the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. J Trauma 2001; 51: 887–895.

Peitzman AB Harbrecht BG Rivera L Heil B Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-institutional Trials Workgroup: Failure of observation of blunt splenic injury in adults: Variability in practice and adverse consequences. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201:179–187.

Robinette CD Splenectomy and subsequent mortality in veterans of the 1939–1945 war. Lancet 1977;2:127–129.

Mohren M Markmann I Dworschak U Franke A Maas G Mewes S Weiss G Jentsch-Ullrich K Thromboembolic complications after splenectomy for hematologic diseases. Am J Hematol 2004;76:143–147.