The removal of formaldehyde by plants has the characteristics of low cost, low energy consumption and green environmental protection. Existing studies on eliminating formaldehyde by plants mainly focused on the macroscopic removal performance of plants; however, the metabolites and metabolic pathways of detoxicating formaldehyde by plants such as Epipremnun aureum (E. aureum) had not been revealed. In this study, the isolated roots, stems and leaves of E. aureum were treated with the time gradient and concentration gradient of H13CHO solution, and the metabolites of detoxicating formaldehyde in each part of E. aureum were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The metabolic pathway of formaldehyde in each part of E. aureum was analysed. The results showed that the metabolites of assimilating formaldehyde by various parts of E. aureum included formic acid (FA), asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, glutamine, citric acid, fructosamine and gluconic acid. The glyoxylic acid cycle and TCA cycle were synergistic in the process of formaldehyde metabolism in various parts of E. aureum. The Calvin cycle existed in the process of formaldehyde metabolism in the stem and leaves, and the C1 cycle played a role in the process of formaldehyde metabolism in the root of E. aureum.
JalaliMMoghadamSRBaziarMHesamGMoradpourZZakeriHR. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: a quantitative risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2021; 28(2): 1878–1888.
2.
LiuJZhangXLiJHuangQWuTZengGYangC. Research on the new technologies of efficient indoor for maldehyde pollution control. Appl Chem Ind2020; 49(8): 2101–2106, 2111.
3.
Dela CruzMChristensenJHThomsenJDMullerR. Can ornamental potted plants remove volatile organic compounds from indoor air? – A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2014; 21(24): 13909–13928.
4.
SeppänenOFiskWJ. Association of ventilation system type with SBS symptoms in office workers. Indoor Air2002; 12(2): 98–112.
5.
LuMYanHMLiDHJingRRDingZZhaoXMGuoTYWangEY. Research on Unit Area Purification Quantity of Indoor Plants on Formaldehyde Pollution. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers of Manufacturing and Design Science (ICFMD). Hong Kong, Peoples R China, 18-19 December 2015. Lancaster, PA, USA: Destech Publications Inc., 2015, pp. 873–878.
6.
YangJQinYZengYDingX. Progress in endogenous formaldehyde, formaldehyde toxicity and formaldehyde inhibitors. J Food Sci2014; 35(1): 294–297.
7.
FasthIMUlrichNHJohansenJD. Ten-year trends in contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers. Contact Dermatitis2018; 79(5): 263–269.
8.
Aalto-KorteKPesonenM. Patterns of positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers at the Finnish institute of occupational health from 2007 to 2020. Contact Dermatitis2021; 85(4): 429–434.
9.
PettitTIrgaPJTorpyFR. Towards practical indoor air phytoremediation: a review. Chemosphere2018; 208: 960–974.
10.
KimKJKhalekuzzamanMSuhJNKimHJShagolCKimHHKimHJ. Phytoremediation of volatile organic compounds by indoor plants: a review. Hortic Environ Biotechnol2018; 59(2): 143–157.
11.
LeeJH. An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnol Bioproc E2013; 18(3): 431–439.
12.
WeiXLyuSYuYWangZLiuHPanDChenJ. Phylloremediation of air pollutants: exploiting the potential of plant leaves and leaf-associated microbes. Front Plant Sci2017; 8: 1318–1341.
13.
TreesubsuntornCThiravetyanP. Removal of benzene from indoor air by Dracaena sanderiana: effect of wax and stomata. Atmos Environ2012; 57: 317–321.
14.
SriprapatWSuksabyePAreephakSKlantupPWarahaASawattanAThiravetyanP. Uptake of toluene and ethylbenzene by plants: removal of volatile indoor air contaminants. Ecotox Environ Safe2014; 102: 147–151.
15.
ZuoLWuDDengMHeDYuanY. Simultaneous influence of light and CO2 on phytoremediation performance and physiological response of plants to formaldehyde. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2023; 30(23): 64191–64202.
16.
ZuoLWuDYuLYuanY. Phytoremediation of formaldehyde by the stems of Epipremnum aureum and Rohdea japonica. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2022; 29(8): 11445–11454.
17.
ZhaoSZhaoYLiangHSuY. Formaldehyde removal in the air by six plant systems with or without rhizosphere microorganisms. Int J Phytoremediat2019; 21(13): 1296–1304.
18.
HanYLeeJHaipingGKimKHWanxiPBhardwajNOhJMBrownRJC. Plant-based remediation of air pollution: a review. J Environ Manage2022; 301: 113860.
19.
SoreanuGDixonMDarlingtonA. Botanical biofiltration of indoor gaseous pollutants – A mini-review. Chem Eng J2013; 229: 585–594.
20.
PengWXYueXChenHMaNLQuanZYuQWeiZGuanRLamSSRinklebeJZhangDZhangBBolanNKirkhamMBSonneC. A review of plants formaldehyde metabolism: implications for hazardous emissions and phytoremediation. J Hazard Mater2022; 436: 129304.
21.
YangYSuYZhaoS. An efficient plant-microbe phytoremediation method to remove formaldehyde from air. Environ Chem Lett2020; 18(2): 527–527.
22.
TeiriHPourzamaniHHajizadehY. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere2018; 197: 375–381.
23.
HanKTRuanLW. Effects of indoor plants on air quality: a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2020; 27(14): 16019–16051.
24.
KimKJJungHHLeeJA. Physiological response of indoor plants according to formaldehyde concentrations. J People Plants Environ2013; 16(6): 421–425.
25.
ChenLMLiKZOritaIYurimotoHSakaiYKatoNIzuiK. Enhancement of plant tolerance to formaldehyde by over-expression of formaldehyde-assimilating enzymes from a methylotrophic bacterium. Plant Cell Physiol2004; 45: S233–S233.
26.
AndreadeliAFlemetakisEAxarliIDimouMUdvardiMKKatinakisPLabrouNE. Cloning and characterization of Lotus japonicus formate dehydrogenase: a possible correlation with hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta2009; 1794(6): 976–984.
27.
IsmailIDeBellisLAlpiASmithSM. Expression of glyoxylate cycle genes in cucumber roots responds to sugar supply and can be activated by shading or defoliation of the shoot. Plant Mol Biol1997; 35(5): 633–640.
28.
DeBellisLIsmailIReynoldsSJBarrettMDSmithSM. Distinct cis-acting sequences are required for the germination and sugar responses of the cucumber isocitrate lyase gene. Gene1997; 197(1-2): 375–378.
29.
LuiYWuYRHanB. Anaerobic induction of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in submerged rice seedlings indicates the important metabolic role of the glyoxylate cycle. Acta Biochim Biophs Sin (Shanghai)2005; 37(6): 406–414.
30.
ZhangWTangLSunHHanSWangXZhouSLiKChenL. C1 metabolism plays an important role during formaldehyde metabolism and detoxification in petunia under liquid HCHO stress. Plant Physiol Bioch2014; 83: 327–336.
31.
SawadaAOyabuT. Purification characteristics of pothos for airborne chemicals in growing conditions and its evaluation. Atmos Environ2008; 42(3): 594–602.
32.
ZengZQiCChenQLiKChenL. Absorption and metabolism of formaldehyde in solutions by detached banana leaves. J Biosci Bioeng2014; 117(5): 602–612.
33.
TanHXiaoSHanSXuanXSunZLiKChenL. The function of an installed photosynthetic formaldehyde-assimilation pathway containing dihydroxyacetone synthase and dihydroxyacetone kinase enhanced formaldehyde removal from solution in transgenic geranium leaves. Int Biodeter Biodegr2016; 106: 127–132.
34.
YuLJiangJZhangCJiangLYeNLuYYangGLiuEPengCHeZPengX. Glyoxylate rather than ascorbate is an efficient precursor for oxalate biosynthesis in rice. J Exp Bot2010; 61(6): 1625–1634.
35.
SongZBXiaoSQYouLWangSSTanHLiKZChenLM. C1 metabolism and the calvin cycle function simultaneously and independently during HCHO metabolism and detoxification in Arabidopsis thaliana treated with HCHO solutions. Plant Cell Environ2013; 36(8): 1490–1506.
36.
SunHZhangWTangLHanSWangXZhouSLiKChenL. Investigation of the role of the Calvin cycle and C1 metabolism during HCHO metabolism in gaseous HCHO-treated Petunia under light and dark conditions using 13C-NMR. Phytochem Anal2015; 26(3): 226–235.
37.
WangRZengZGuoHTanHLiuAZhaoYChenL. Over-expression of the Arabidopsis formate dehydrogenase in chloroplasts enhances formaldehyde uptake and metabolism in transgenic tobacco leaves. Planta2018; 247(2): 339–354.
38.
LiuLCangJYuJWangXHuangRWangJLuB. Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on carbohydrate metabolism and the expression levels of correlative key enzymes in winter wheat under low temperature. Biosci Biotech Bioch2013; 77(3): 516–525.
39.
ShiraishiTFukusakiEKobayashiA. Formate dehydrogenase in rice plant: growth stimulation effect of formate in rice plant. J Biosci Bioeng2000; 89(3): 241–246.
40.
TorpyFRZavattaroMIrgaPJ. Green wall technology for the phytoremediation of indoor air: a system for the reduction of high CO2 concentrations. Air Qual Atmos Health2017; 10(5): 575–585.
41.
HoermannVBrenskeKRUlrichsC. Assessment of filtration efficiency and physiological responses of selected plant species to indoor air pollutants (toluene and 2-ethylhexanol) under chamber conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2018; 25(1): 447–458.
42.
MinYCaoWXiongYSiZKhanDChenL. Formaldehyde assimilation through coordination of the glyoxylate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in broad bean roots. Plant Physiol Bioch2019; 138: 65–79.
43.
TanHXiongYLiKChenL. Methanol-enhanced removal and metabolic conversion of formaldehyde by a black soybean from formaldehyde solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2017; 24: 4765–4777.
