This study examined the effect of mood states on students’ thermal sensations within a university library comprising quiet-study and group-study rooms. Through concurrent subjective and objective assessments over five consecutive workdays, this study investigated the influence of psychological factors, particularly mood states, in influencing thermal sensations. This study addressed a paucity of prior research in library settings where both independent and collaborative studies have been undertaken. Subjective data (i.e. personal information, thermal assessment and mood states) via questionnaires and objective data (i.e. air temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) via on-site measurements were collected during five working days. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, t-test, correlations and regression) indicated that male students and those with bad feelings (e.g. hostile and upset) reported significantly higher thermal sensation votes (TSVs) (p < 0.05) compared to females and those with neutral/good feelings (0.4–0.5 difference out of 7). Two predictive models for TSV were developed for males and females, considering factors like body mass index (BMI), operative temperature and mood states. This research offers insights for designing specific study environments to improve thermal comfort, fostering students’ well-being and guiding future initiatives in this area.
FabbriK. A brief history of thermal comfort: from effective temperature to adaptive thermal comfort. In: Indoor thermal comfort perception. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 7–23.
2.
BluyssenPM. Health, comfort and performance of children in classrooms - new directions for research. Indoor Built Environ2017; 26: 1040–1050.
3.
LambertiGFantozziFSalvadoriG. Thermal comfort in educational buildings: future directions regarding the impact of environmental conditions on students’ health and performance. In: IEEE international conference on environment and electrical engineering and 2020 IEEE industrial and commercial power systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe). Madrid: IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–6.
4.
WargockiP. Ventilation, thermal comfort, health and productivity. In: MumovicDSantamourisM (eds). A handbook of sustainable building design and engineering. 2nd ed.Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018, pp. 209–225.
5.
XiongJLianZZhouXYouJLinY. Effects of temperature steps on human health and thermal comfort. Build Environ2015; 94: 144–154.
6.
ChangJH. Thermal comfort and climatic design in the tropics: an historical critique. J Archit2016; 21: 1171–1202.
7.
WargockiPPorras-SalazarJAContreras-EspinozaS. The relationship between classroom temperature and children’s performance in school. Build Environ2019; 157: 197–204.
8.
Haverinen-ShaughnessyUShaughnessyRJ. Effects of classroom ventilation rate and temperature on students’ test scores. PLoS One2015; 10(8): e0136165. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136165.
9.
JiangJWangDLiuYXuYLiuJ. A study on pupils’ learning performance and thermal comfort of primary schools in China. Build Environ2018; 134: 102–113.
10.
LanLWargockiPLianZ. Quantitative measurement of productivity loss due to thermal discomfort. Energy Build2011; 43(5): 1057–1062.
FabozziMDamaA. Field study on thermal comfort in naturally ventilated and air-conditioned university classrooms. Indoor Built Environ2020; 29: 851–859.
13.
LanHHouHCynthia)GouZWongMSWangZ. Computer vision-based smart HVAC control system for university classroom in a subtropical climate. Build Environ2023; 242: 110592. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110592.
14.
ter MorsSHensenJLMLoomansMGLCBoerstraAC. Adaptive thermal comfort in primary school classrooms: creating and validating PMV-based comfort charts. Build Environ2011; 46: 2454–2461.
15.
KwokAG. Thermal comfort in tropical classrooms. ASHRAE Trans1998; 104: 1031–1050.
16.
De DearRKimJCandidoCDeubleM. Adaptive thermal comfort in Australian school classrooms. Build Res Inf2015; 43: 383–398.
17.
WongNHKhooSS. Thermal comfort in classrooms in the tropics. Energy Build2003; 35: 337–351.
18.
HwangRLLinTPKuoNJ. Field experiments on thermal comfort in campus classrooms in Taiwan. Energy Build2006; 38: 53–62.
19.
FangZZhangSChengYFongAMLOladokunMOLinZWuH. Field study on adaptive thermal comfort in typical air conditioned classrooms. Build Environ2018; 133: 73–82.
20.
ApplegateR. The library is for studying. Student preferences for study space. J Acad Librarian2009; 35: 341–346.
21.
MurrayAIrelandAHackathornJ. The value of academic libraries: library services as a predictor of student retention. Coll Res Libr2016; 77: 631–642.
22.
ShillHBTonnerS. Creating a better place: physical improvements in academic libraries, 2023. Available from: https://www.libqual.org (accessed 2023 Nov 15).
23.
AkanmuWPNunayonSSEbosonUC. Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessment of Nigerian university libraries: a pilot study. Energy and Built Environment2021; 2: 302–314.
24.
MohammadpourkarbasiHJacksonINukpezahDAppeaning AddoIAssasie OppongR. Evaluation of thermal comfort in library buildings in the tropical climate of Kumasi, Ghana. Energy Build2022; 268: 112210. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112210.
25.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2020. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2020. https://www.ashrae.org
26.
ISO 7730: 2005. Ergonomics of the thermal environment - analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Geneva: ISO, 2005.
27.
VeltKBDaanenHAM. Thermal sensation and thermal comfort in changing environments. J Build Eng2017; 10: 42–46.
28.
FangZLiuHLiBTanMOlaideOM. Experimental investigation on thermal comfort model between local thermal sensation and overall thermal sensation. Energy Build2018; 158: 1286–1295.
29.
IbrahimAAliHZghoulAJaradatS. Mood state and human evaluation of the thermal environment using virtual settings. Indoor Built Environ2021; 30: 70–86.
30.
HeYChenWWangZZhangH. Review of fan-use rates in field studies and their effects on thermal comfort, energy conservation, and human productivity. Energy Build2019; 194: 140–162.
31.
WangHLiuL. Experimental investigation about effect of emotion state on people’s thermal comfort. Energy Build2020; 211: 109789. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109789.
32.
TurhanCÖzbeyMF. Effect of pre-and post-exam stress levels on thermal sensation of students. Energy Build2021; 231: 110595. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110595.
33.
OzbeyMFCeterAEOrfiogluSAlkanNTurhanC. Sensitivity analysis of the effect of current mood states on the thermal sensation in educational buildings. Indoor Air2022; 32(8): e13073. DOI: 10.1111/ina.13073.
34.
TurhanCOzbeyMFÇeterAEAkkurtGG. A novel data-driven model for the effect of mood state on thermal sensation. Buildings2023; 13(7): 1662. DOI: 10.3390/buildings13071662.
35.
FangerPO. Thermal comfort: analysis and application in environmental engineering. Copenhagen: Danish Technical Press, 1970.
36.
ZomorodianZSTahsildoostMHafeziM. Thermal comfort in educational buildings: a review article. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2016; 59: 895–906.
37.
WangZde DearRLuoMLinBHeYGhahramaniAZhuY. Individual difference in thermal comfort: a literature review. Build Environ2018; 138: 181–193.
38.
EnescuD. A review of thermal comfort models and indicators for indoor environments. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2017; 79: 1353–1379.
39.
LanHHouHCGouZ. A machine learning led investigation to understand individual difference and the human-environment interactive effect on classroom thermal comfort. Build Environ2023; 236: 110259. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110259.
40.
LuoMCaoBDamiensJLinBZhuY. Evaluating thermal comfort in mixed-mode buildings: a field study in a subtropical climate. Build Environ2015; 88: 46–54.
41.
JindalA. Thermal comfort study in naturally ventilated school classrooms in composite climate of India. Build Environ2018; 142: 34–46.
42.
de DearRBragerGS. The adaptive model of thermal comfort and energy conservation in the built environment. Int J Biometeorol2001; 45: 100–108.
43.
ZhaoWLestinenSMustakallioPKilpeläinenSJokisaloJKosonenR. Experimental study on thermal environment in a simulated classroom with different air distribution methods. J Build Eng2021; 43: 103025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103025.
44.
CIBSE TM68. Monitoring indoor environment quality. London: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2022.
45.
CsobodEAnnesi-MaesanoICarrerPKephalopoulosSMadureiraJRudnaiPDe FernandesOEBarreroJBeregszásziTHyvärinenAMoshammerHNorbackDPáldyAPándicsTSestiniPStrangerMTaubelMVarróMVaskoviESilvaVGViegiG, SINPHONIE – Schools Indoor Pollution and Health Observatory Network in Europe -Final Report, EUR 26738, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2014, ISBN 978-92-79-39407-2, DOI: 10.2788/99220, JRC91160.
46.
BluyssenPMZhangDKurversSOvertoomMOrtiz-SanchezM. Self-reported health and comfort of school children in 54 classrooms of 21 Dutch school buildings. Build Environ2018; 138: 106–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.032.
47.
KarimJWeiszRRehmanSU. International positive and negative affect schedule short-form (I-PANAS-SF): testing for factorial invariance across cultures. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences2011; 15: 2016–2022.
48.
IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for windows, version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2019.
49.
ThieseMSRonnaBOttU. P value interpretations and considerations. J Thorac Dis2016; 8: E928–E931.
50.
CohenJ. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press, 2013.
51.
HairJBlackWBabinB. Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. 7th ed.London: Pearson Education, 2010.
52.
MaykotJKRuppRFGhisiE. A field study about gender and thermal comfort temperatures in office buildings. Energy Build2018; 178: 254–264.
53.
KarjalainenS. Thermal comfort and gender: a literature review. Indoor Air2012; 22: 96–109.
54.
RuppRFKimJde DearRGhisiE. Associations of occupant demographics, thermal history and obesity variables with their thermal comfort in air-conditioned and mixed-mode ventilation office buildings. Build Environ2018; 135: 1–9.
55.
KenawyIElkadiH. The impact of cultural and climatic background on thermal sensation votes. Proceedings of the 29th Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future Conference. Munich, Germany, 2013, pp. 10–12.
56.
CaoBOuyangQZhuYHuangLHuHDengG. Development of a multivariate regression model for overall satisfaction in public buildings based on field studies in Beijing and Shanghai. Build Environ2012; 47: 394–399.
57.
MuiKWChanWT. A new indoor environmental quality equation for air-conditioned buildings. Archit Sci Rev2005; 48: 41–46.
58.
YangDMakCM. Relationships between indoor environmental quality and environmental factors in university classrooms. Build Environ2020; 186: 107331. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107331.
59.
GrossSSemmerNKMeierLLKälinWJacobshagenNTschanF. The effect of positive events at work on after-work fatigue: they matter most in face of adversity. J Appl Psychol2011; 96: 654–664.
60.
JohnstonDWAnastasiadesP. The relationship between heart rate and mood in real life. J Psychosom Res1990; 34(1): 21–27.
61.
LinHPLinHYLinWLHuangACW. Effects of stress, depression, and their interaction on heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and respiratory rate: sympathetic-parasympathetic hypothesis of stress and depression. J Clin Psychol2011; 67: 1080–1091.
