The air temperature was critical to human health, especially for the mucosal immunity of the respiratory system. Amongst a few biomarkers, immunoglobulin was an effective material to evaluate respiratory health. In order to explore the effects of the natural air temperature on serum immunoglobulin concentrations of people, an epidemiological investigation was conducted between Jan 2018 and Dec 2019. In addition, an experiment was conducted to find the relationship between indoor air temperature and salivary immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration, under the built environment within the comfort zone of people. Results of the epidemiological investigation showed that the serum IgE concentration was the most sensitive to temperature and was positively correlated with outdoor environmental temperature (p < 0.001, Spearman = 0.509). In addition, the experimental results showed that the salivary IgE concentration was also positively correlated with indoor temperature (p = 0.009, Spearman = 0.495), and it rose significantly with the increase of thermal comfort votes (p = 0.022, Spearman = 0.508). In a comfortable temperature range, keeping a higher air temperature can increase the concentration of IgE antibodies, which is one of the ways to improve the mucosal immunity of the respiratory system.
HungSCYangCCLiuCFKungCTLeeWHHoCKChuangHYYuHS. The association pattern between ambient temperature change and leukocyte counts. Int J Environ Res Public Health2021; 18(13): 6971.
2.
ChenCZhangXJiangDYanDGuanZZhouYLiuXHuangCDingCLanLHuangXLiLYangS. Associations between temperature and influenza activity: a national time series study in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health2021; 18(20): 10846.
3.
MaYZhangYChengBFengFJiaoHZhaoXMaBYuZ. A review of the impact of outdoor and indoor environmental factors on human health in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int2020; 27(34): 42335–42345.
4.
TregoningJSSchwarzeJ. Respiratory viral infections in infants: causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin Microbiol Rev2010; 23(1): 74–98.
LiLLiuYWuPPengZWangXChenTWongJYTYangJBondHSWangLLauYCZhengJFengSQinYFangVJJiangHLauEHYLiuSQiJZhangJYangJHeYZhouMCowlingBJFengLYuH. Influenza-associated excess respiratory mortality in China, 2010–15: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health2019; 4(9): e473–e481.
7.
Chinese Research Hospital AssociationRespiratory Council. Expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial lung disease caused by novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi2020; 43(10): 827–833.
8.
MaslowJN. Vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: lessons from MERS coronavirus and Zika virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother2017; 13(12): 2918–2930.
9.
NathanC. IMMUNOLOGY. From transient infection to chronic disease. Science2015; 350(6257): 161.
10.
IsakovNFeldmanMSegalS. Effect of an acute viral infection by a silent virus on the humoral immune responses. Adv Exp Med Biol1982; 149: 455–460.
11.
DowellSFHoMS. Seasonality of infectious diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome–what we don’t know can hurt us. Lancet Infect Dis2004; 4(11): 704–708.
12.
AchebakHDevolderDBallesterJ. Trends in temperature-related age-specific and sex-specific mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Spain: a national time-series analysis. Lancet Planet Health2019; 3(7): e297–e306.
13.
GasparriniAGuoYLLHashizumeMLavigneEZanobettiASchwartzJTobiasATongSRocklövJForsbergBLeoneMDe SarioMBellMLGuoYWuCfKanHYiSMde Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio CoelhoMSaldivaPHNHondaYKimHArmstrongB. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet2015; 386(9991): 369–375.
14.
ParksRMBennettJEForemanKJToumiREzzatiM. National and regional seasonal dynamics of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA from 1980 to 2016. Elife2018; 7: e35500.
15.
Vicedo-CabreraAMSeraFGuoYChungYArbuthnottKTongSTobiasALavigneEde Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio CoelhoMHilario Nascimento SaldivaPGoodmanPGZekaAHashizumeMHondaYKimHRagettliMSRöösliMZanobettiASchwartzJArmstrongBGasparriniA. A multi-country analysis on potential adaptive mechanisms to cold and heat in a changing climate. Environ Int2018; 111: 239–246.
16.
MaWJXuXHPengLKanH. Impact of extreme temperature on hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ2011; 409(19): 3634–3637.
17.
StewartGJ. The immune system. New York: Chelsea House, 2009, p. 128.
18.
DengLXuHLiuPWuSShiYLvYChenX. Prolonged exposure to high humidity and high temperature environment can aggravate influenza virus infection through intestinal flora and Nod/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol2020; 251(1): 108896.
19.
DullaersMDe BruyneRRamadaniFGouldHJGevaertPLambrechtBN. The who, where, and when of IgE in allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol2012; 129(3): 635–645.
20.
Eckl-DornaJPreeIReisingerJMarthKChenKWVrtalaSSpitzauerSValentaRNiederbergerV. The majority of allergen-specific IgE in the blood of allergic patients does not originate from blood-derived B cells or plasma cells. Clin Exp Allergy2012; 42(9): 1347–1355.
21.
MarichalTStarklPReberLLKalesnikoffJOettgenHCTsaiMMetzMGalliSJ. A beneficial role for immunoglobulin E in host defense against honeybee venom. Immunity2013; 39(5): 963–975.
22.
MukaiKTsaiMStarklPMarichalTGalliSJ. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin Immunopathol2016; 38: 581–603.
23.
StarklPWatzenboeckMLPopovLMZahalkaSHladikALakovitsKRadhouaniMHaschemiAMarichalTReberLLGaudenzioNSibilanoRStulikLFontaineFMuellerACAmievaMRGalliSJKnappS. IgE effector mechanisms, in concert with mast cells, contribute to acquired host defense against Staphylococcusaureus. Immunity2020; 53(4): 793–804.e9.
24.
ChengJXuZZhuRWangXJinLSongJSuH. Impact of diurnal temperature range on human health: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol2014; 58: 2011–2024.
25.
WuLCZarrinAA. The production and regulation of IgE by the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol2014; 14(4): 247–259.
26.
GouldHJSuttonBJ. IgE in allergy and asthma today. Nat Rev Immunol2008; 8(3): 205–217.
27.
de JonghHHJde JongGAHApostolovicDTaylorSLBaumertJLKoppelmanSJ. Effect of heat treatment on the conformational stability of intact and cleaved forms of the peanut allergen Ara h 6 in relation to its IgE-binding potency. Food Chem2020; 326: 127027.
28.
Makabe-KobayashiYHoriYAdachiTIshigaki-SuzukiSKikuchiYKagayaYShiratoKNagyAUjikeATakaiTWatanabeTOhtsuH. The control effect of histamine on body temperature and respiratory function in IgE-dependent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol2002; 110(2): 298–303.
KimberIDearmanRJ. Chemical respiratory allergy: role of IgE antibody and relevance of route of exposure. Toxicology2002; 181-182: 311–315.
31.
McKnightCGJudeJAZhuZPanettieriRAFinkelmanFD. House dust mite–induced allergic airway disease is independent of IgE and FcεRIα. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol2017; 57(6): 674–682.
32.
QiuCZhongLHuangCLongJYeXWuJDaiWLvWXieCZhangJ. Cell-bound IgE and plasma IgE as a combined clinical diagnostic indicator for allergic patients. Sci Rep2020; 10(1): 4700.
33.
WatamuraSECoeCLLaudenslagerMLRobertsonSS. Child care setting affects salivary cortisol and antibody secretion in young children. Psychoneuroendocrinology2010; 35(8): 1156–1166.
34.
SwaminathanALucasRMHarleyDMcMichaelAJ. Will global climate change alter fundamental human immune reactivity: implications for child health?Children2014; 1(3): 403–423.
35.
ASHRAE. Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2017.
36.
JevonsRCarmichaelCCrossleyABoneA. Minimum indoor temperature threshold recommendations for English homes in winter - a systematic review. Public Health2016; 136: 4–12.
37.
JiYWangZ. Thermal environment and thermal comfort in a passive residential building in the severe cold area of China. In: Healthy Housing 2016: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Energy and Environment of Residential Buildings, Brisbane, Australia, 20–24 November 2016, pp. 1–8.
38.
GuytonACHallJE. Textbook of medical physiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Saunders Press, 2006, p. 3574.
39.
Zalejska-JonssonAWilhelmssonM. Impact of perceived indoor environment quality on overall satisfaction in Swedish dwellings. Building and Environment2013; 63: 134–144.
40.
ASHRAE. Fundamentals handbook--thermal comfort. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2010.
41.
NunesMPOvan TilburgMFTramontina FloreanEOPGuedesMIF. Detection of serum and salivary IgE and IgG1 immunoglobulins specific for diagnosis of food allergy. PLoS One2019; 14(4): e0214745.
42.
JiWCaoBGengYZhuYLinB. Study on human skin temperature and thermal evaluation in step change conditions: from non-neutrality to neutrality. Energy and Buildings2017; 156: 29–39.
43.
CaoBShangQDaiZZhuY. The impact of air-conditioning usage on sick building syndrome during summer in China. Indoor and Built Environment2012; 22(3): 490–497.
44.
AppenheimerMMEvansSS. Temperature and adaptive immunity. Handb Clin Neurol2018; 156: 397–415.
45.
ShephardRJShekPN. Cold exposure and immune function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol1998; 76(9): 828–836.
46.
IshiharaDL. Illness comes from cold. Beijing: Beijing city press, 2007.
47.
DopicoXCEvangelouMFerreiraRCGuoHPekalskiMLSmythDJCooperNBurrenOSFulfordAJHennigBJPrenticeAMZieglerAGBonifacioEWallaceCToddJA. Widespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiology. Nat Commun2015; 6(1): 7000.
48.
EvansSSRepaskyEAFisherDT. Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nat Rev Immunol2015; 15(6): 335–349.
49.
BrydonLWalkerCWawrzyniakAJChartHSteptoeA. Dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and negative mood. Brain Behav Immun2009; 23(6): 810–816.
50.
DaiYTLuSH. What’s missing for evidence-based fever management? Is fever beneficial or harmful to humans?International Journal of Nursing Studies2012; 49(5): 505–507.
51.
EvansSSAppenheimerMM. A fever-Th17 cell immune axis: some SMADs like it hot. Immunity2020; 52(2): 209–211.
52.
HoriTNakashimaTTakeSKaizukaYMoriTKatafuchiT. Immune cytokines and regulation of body temperature, food intake and cellular immunity. Brain Res Bull1991; 27(3–4): 309–313.
53.
TomasiTBTrudeauFBCzerwinskiDErredgeS. Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. J Clin Immunol1982; 2: 173–178.
54.
MackinnonLTChickTWVan AsATomasiTB. The effect of exercise on secretory and natural immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol1987; 216A: 869–876.
55.
TharpGDBarnesMW. Reduction of saliva immunoglobulin levels by swim training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol1990; 60: 61–64.
56.
NiemanDCWentzLM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system. J Sport Health Sci2019; 8(3): 201–217.
57.
HoushTJJohnsonGOHoushDJEvansSLTharpGD. The effect of exercise at various temperatures on salivary levels of immunoglobulin A. Int J Sports Med1991; 12(05): 498–500.
