Ventilation is an important method to control fire development in the building. However, most of the previous studies focused mainly on single building structure (shaft or corridor, respectively) and seldom considered composite structure. In this study, a scaled multi-composite building was studied to investigate the effects of ventilation state on building fire. Under positive pressurized air supply and negative pressure air exhaust conditions, the performance of flame direction and tilt angle was evaluated to analyse the interactive effect between air supply ventilation, stack effect and building structure. By analysing fire-related parameters (smoke field, fluid velocity and direction and temperature distribution), six typical migration paths were identified and validated by their corresponding experimental cases. Considering the impact factors of air supply pressure, stack effect and the pressure induced by the horizontal corridor smoke, a non-dimensional number, , has been presented in this paper to identify the flame tilt direction for composite building, which had so far not been studied before.
AlarieY.Toxicity of fire smoke. Crit Rev Toxicol2002;
32: 259–289.
2.
BesserreRDelortP.Recent studies prove that the main cause of death during urban fires is poisoning by smoke. Urgences Med1997;
16: 77–80.
3.
MarshallNR.Air entrainment into smoke and hot gases in open shafts. Fire Saf J1986;
10: 37–46.
4.
JiJLiMShiWXGaoZHSunJHLoSM.Deflection characteristic of flame with the airflow induced by stack effect. Int J Therm Sci2017;
115: 160–168.
5.
ShiWXJiJSunJHLoSMLiLJYuanXY.Influence of staircase ventilation state on the airflow and heat transfer of the heated room on the middle floor of high rise building. Appl Energy2014;
119: 173–180.
6.
ShiWXJiJSunJHLoSMLiLJYuanXY.Influence of fire power and window position on smoke movement mechanisms and temperature distribution in an emergency staircase. Energy Build2014;
79: 132–142.
7.
JiJWanHXLiYFLiKYSunJH.Influence of relative location of two openings on fire and smoke behaviors in stairwell with a compartment. Int J Therm Sci2015;
89: 23–33.
8.
MercierGPJaluriaY.Fire-induced flow of smoke and hot gases in open vertical enclosures. Exp Therm Fluid Sci1999;
19: 77–84.
9.
ShiWXJiJSunJHLoSMLiLJYuanXY.Experimental study on influence of stack effect on fire in the compartment adjacent to stairwell of high rise building. J Civil Eng Manage2014;
20: 121–131.
10.
KloteJH.A general routine for analysis of stack effect. 1st ed. Silver Spring, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, 1991.
11.
JiJLiLJShiWXFanCGSunJH.Experimental investigation on the rising characteristics of the fire-induced buoyant plume in stairwells. Int J Heat Mass Transfer2013;
64: 193–201.
12.
LiLJJiJFanCGSunJHYuanXYShiWX.Experimental investigation on the characteristics of buoyant plume movement in a stairwell with multiple openings. Energy Build2014;
68: 108–120.
13.
QiDWangLZmeureanuR.An analytical model of heat and mass transfer through non-adiabatic high-rise shafts during fires. Int J Heat Mass Transfer2014;
72: 585–594.
14.
ChowWKZhaoJH.Scale modeling studies on stack effect in tall vertical shafts. J Fire Sci2011;
29: 531–542.
15.
YangDLiP.Natural ventilation of lower-level floors assisted by the mechanical ventilation of upper-level floors via a stack. Energy Build2015;
92: 296–305.
16.
WangYFQinTSunXFLiuSJiangJC.Full-scale fire experiments and simulation of tunnel with vertical shafts. Appl Therm Eng2016;
105: 243–255.
17.
OkaYKuriokaHSatohHSugawaO.Modelling of unconfined flame tilt in cross-winds. Fire Saf Sci2000;
6: 1101–1112.
18.
PorehMTrebukovS.Wind effects on smoke motion in buildings. Fire Saf J2000;
35: 257–273.
19.
ChenYQZhouXDFuZJZhangTLCaoBYangLZ.Vertical temperature distributions in ventilation shafts during a fire. Exp Therm Fluid Sci2016;
79: 118–125.
20.
JiJYuanXYLiKYSunJH.Influence of the external wind on flame shapes of n-heptane pool fires in long passage connected to a shaft. Combust Flame2015;
162: 2098–2107.
21.
KloteJH. Smoke control. In: Hurley MJ (ed.) SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. 1st ed. New York: Springer, 2016, pp.1785–1823.
22.
HuangHOokaRChenHKatoS.Optimum design for smoke-control system in buildings considering robustness using CFD and genetic algorithms. Build Environ2009;
44: 2218–2227.
23.
QuintiereJG.Scaling applications in fire research. Fire Saf J1989;
15: 3–29.
24.
MorganHPMarshallNRGoldstoneBM. Smoke hazards in covered multi-level shopping malls: some studies using a model 2-storey mall. In: CP 45/76; BRE Bookshop, Garston, UK, 1976.
25.
AlbiniFA.A model for the wind-blown flame from a line fire. Combust Flame1981;
43: 155–174.
26.
SmithDA.Measurements of flame length and flame angle in an inclined trench. Fire Saf J1992;
18: 231–244.
27.
KuriokaHOkaYSatohHSugawaO.Fire properties in near field of square fire source with longitudinal ventilation in tunnels. Fire Saf J2003;
38: 319–340.
28.
HuLHLiuSdeRisJLWuL.A new mathematical quantification of wind-blown flame tilt angle of hydrocarbon pool fires with a new global correlation model. Fuel2013;
106: 730–736.
29.
ZouGWHungHYChowWK. A study of correlation between flame height and gap width of an internal fire whirl in a vertical shaft with a single corner gap. Indoor Built Environ. 2019; 28: 34–45.
30.
KimMBHanYS.Tracking of the smoke front under a ceiling by a laser sheet and thermocouples. Fire Saf J2000;
34: 287–295.
31.
KimMBHanYSYoonMO.Laser-assisted visualization and measurement of corridor smoke spread. Fire Saf J1998;
31: 239–251.
32.
YaoYZChengXDZhangSGZhuKShiLZhangHP.Smoke back-layering flow length in longitudinal ventilated tunnel fires with vertical shaft in the upstream. Appl Therm Eng2016;
107: 738–746.
33.
WangYFYanPNZhangBJiangJC.Thermal buoyant smoke back-layering length in a naturally ventilated tunnel with vertical shafts. Appl Therm Eng2016;
93: 947–957.
34.
ShiotaniMAvaiH.Lateral structures of gusts in high winds. In: Proceedings of conference on wind effects on buildings and structures, Ottawa, Canada, September 11–151967; pp.535–555.
Toronto:
University of Toronto Press.
