This paper presents the energy-saving potential of free cooling and demand-based ventilation with chilled beam system. In the analysis, four beam concepts were considered: standard, self-regulating, free cooling and demand-based ventilation chilled beam systems. The self-regulating chilled beam system utilizes high temperature water for cooling and there is no need for regulation valve. The inlet water temperature is close to room air temperature (20–22℃) and the room air temperature is allowed to vary between 21 and 25℃. The free cooling for the inlet water is provided by the preheat coil of the air handling unit. The introduction of demand-based ventilation further increases the energy efficiency. Energy consumption of the robust self-regulating system is slightly higher than with traditional chilled beam system: self-regulating system keeps the room air temperature lower than with traditional beam system. With free cooling, it is possible to save about 15% of the delivered energy compared with the standard beam system. With the occupancy rate of 60%, energy consumption is reduced by 36% with demand-based ventilation, respectively. When both free cooling and demand-based ventilation are used with 60% occupancy rate, the energy consumption is 44% lower than with the traditional beam system.
Kurniski J (ed.). REHVA nZEB technical definition and system boundaries for nearly zero energy buildings. REHVA Technical report no. 4, 2013, Brussels, Belgium.
Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Baik YK, Clausen G and Fanger PO. Perceived air quality, SBS symptoms and productivity in an office at two pollution loads. In: IA’99: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Edinburgh, August 8-13 1999; pp.165-179.
5.
KosonenRTanF. Assessment of productivity loss in air-conditioning buildings using PMV-index. Energy Build2004; 36: 987–993.
6.
Wargocki P, Seppänen O, Andersson J, Clements-Croome D, Fitzner K and Hanssen SO. Indoor climate and productivity in offices. Brussels, Belgium: REHVA guidebook No. 6, 2006.
7.
SantamourisMKolokotsaD. Passive cooling dissipation techniques for building and other structure: the state of the art. Energy Build2013; 57: 74–94.
8.
LiBTanMLiuHMaXZhangW. Occupant’s perception and preference of thermal environment in free-running buildings in China. Indoor Built Environ2010; 19: 405–421.
9.
Liddament MW (ed.). Low energy cooling. A technical synthesis report for the International Energy Agency, Coventry UK, ECBCS Annex 28, 2000.
10.
Kolokotroni M and Heiselberg P (ed.). Ventilative Cooling. A state-of-the art review report for the International Energy Agency. Aalborg, Denmark, EBC Programme Annex 62, 2015.
11.
AlizabethMSadrameliSM. Development of free cooling based ventilation technology for buildings: thermal energy storage (TES) unit, performance enhancement techniques and design considerations – a review. Energy Build2016; 58: 619–645.
12.
YuTHeiselbergPLeiBPomianowskiMZhangC. A novel system solution for cooling and ventilation in office buildings: a review of applied technologies and a case study. Energy Build2015; 90: 142–155.
13.
KamaliS. Review of free cooling system using phase change material for building. Energy Build2014; 80: 131–136.
14.
VidrihBArkarCMedvedS. Generalized model-based predictive weather control for the control of free cooling by enchanced night-time ventilation. Energy Build2016; 168: 482–492.
15.
HuJKaravaP. Model predictive control strategies for building with mixed-mode cooling. Build Environ2014; 71: 223–244.
16.
CookMJRobinsonDLomasKJBowmanNTEppelH. Passive down-draught evaporative cooling. Indoor Built Environ2000; 9: 325–334.
17.
RobinsonDLomasKJCookMJEppelH. Passive down-draught evaporative cooling: thermal modelling of an office building. Indoor Built Environ2004; 13: 205–221.
18.
ChenYYangHLuoY. Indirect evaporative cooler considering condensation from primary air: model development and parameter analysis. Build Environ2016; 95: 330–345.
19.
HallidaySBeggsCB. Desiccant cooling at the University of Lincoln: a case study. Indoor Built Environ2004; 13: 277–285.
20.
Babiak J, Olesen B and Petras D. Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling. Brussels, Belgium: REHVA guidebook No.7, 2007.
21.
KazanciOBShukuyaMOlesenBW. Theoretical analysis of the performance of different strategies with the concept of cool exergy. Build Environ2016; 100: 102–113.
22.
CausoneFBaldinFOlesenBWCorgnatiSP. Floor heating and cooling combined with displacement ventilation: possibilities and limitations. Energy Build2010; 42: 2338–2352.
23.
YauYHHashiS. Field analysis of indoor air quality in high rise and low rise green offices with radiant slab cooling systems in Malaysia. Indoor Built Environ2015; 24: 174–184.
24.
RomaniJPerezGde GraciaA. Experimental evaluation of a cooling radiant wall coupled to a ground heat exchanger. Energy Build2016; 129: 484–490.
25.
Woollett J and Rimmer J (ed.). Active and passive beam applications design Guide. Brussels, Belgium: REHVA guidebook No. 21, 2015.
26.
WallinJClaessonJ. Improving heat recovery using retrofitted heat pump in air handling unit with energy wheel. Appl Therm Eng2014; 62: 823–829.
27.
AhmedKKurnitskiJSormunenP. Demand controlled ventilation indoor climate and energy performance in a high performance building with air flow rate controlled chilled beam. Energy Build2015; 109: 115–126.
28.
HalvarssonJ. Occupancy pattern in office buildings, consequences for HVAC system design and operation, Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2012.
29.
Mustakallio P, Karjalainen S and Itkonen H. Energy saving potential with demand-based control for chilled beams. In: Proceedings of BuildSim-Nordic conference, October 17–18 2012, Lillestrøm, IBPSA-Nordic Regional Affiliate of International Building Performance Simulation Association, 2012.
30.
KosonenRTanF. A feasibility study of a ventilated beam system in the hot and humid climate: a case-study approach. Build Environ2005; 40: 1164–1173.
31.
Ruponen M, Itkonen H, Mustakallio P and Jokisalo J. Energy saving with very high temperature cooling water active chilled beam system. In: Proceedings of Clima 10th REHVA World Congress on sustainable energy use in buildings, Antalya, Turkey, May 9–12 2010.
32.
FilipssonPTruschelAGräslundJDalenbäckJ-O. Induction ratio of active chilled beams- Measurement methods and influencing parameters. Energy Build2016; 129: 445–451.
33.
GräslundJ. nZEB headquarter of Skanska. REHVA J2014; 51: 44–47.
34.
SahlinP. Modelling and simulation methods for modular continuous systems in buildings, Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology, 1996.
35.
Björsell N, Bring A, Eriksson L, Grozman P, Lindgren M, Sahlin P, Shapovalov A and Vuolle M. IDA indoor climate and energy 1999, In: Proceedings of the IBPSA building simulation conference, Kyoto, September 13–15 1999.
36.
Moinard S and Guyon G (eds). Empirical validation of EDF ETNA and GENEC test-cell models. Subtask A.3. A Report of IEA Task 22. Building Energy Analysis Tools, Moret/Loing Cédex, France, International Energy Agency (IEA), 1999.
37.
Travesi J, Maxwell G, Klaassen C and Holtz M. Empirical validation of Iowa energy resource station building energy analysis simulation models. IEA Task 22, Subtask A. Mardir, Spain. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2001.
38.
Achermann M and Zweifel G. RADTEST – radiant heating and cooling test cases. A report of IEA task building energy analysis tools. Luzern Switzerland. International Energy Agency (IEA), 2003.
39.
Kropf S and Zweifel G. Validation of the building simulation program IDA-ICE according to CEN 13791. Thermal performance of buildings – calculation of internal temperatures of a room in summer without mechanical cooling – general criteria and validation procedures. Luzern Switzerland, International Energy Agency (IEA), 2001.
40.
Loutzenhiser P, Manz H and Maxwell G. Empirical validations of shading/daylighting/load interactions in building energy simulation tools. A report for the International Energy Agency SHC Task 34, ECBCS Annex 43 Project C. Dubendorf, Switzerland, International Energy Agency (IEA), 2007.
prEN:16798-1:2015. Indoor environmental input parameters for the design and assessment of energy performance of buildings. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization, 2015.
43.
Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (FiSIAQ). Classification of indoor climate, Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto-Building Information, 2001.
44.
Chilled beam and ceiling association. EDSL Tas energy summary findings, Reading, UK: CBCA technical fact sheet TFS 2, 2013.
45.
PeelMFinlaysonBMcMahonT. Updated world map of the Köpper–Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Science Discussions2007, pp. 439–472.
46.
KalameesTJylhäKTietäväinenHJokisaloJIlometsSHyvönenRSakuS. Development of weighting factors for climate variables for selecting the energy reference year according to the EN ISO 15927-4 standard. Energy Build2012; 47: 53–60.
