This paper presents an assessment of occupational in door exposure to air pollutants emitted from environ mental tobacco smoke in a public restaurant. Field moni toring data of carbon monoxide (CO) and total sus pended particulates (TSP) levels were used to calibrate the model RISK and simulate pollutant concentration profiles in various subdivisions of the prototype restau rant, and instantaneous as well as cumulative exposure levels for working individuals. The risk assessment of occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was then examined using risk levels associated with CO and TSP. Mitigation measures were evaluated in terms of efficiency of decreasing pollutant exposure levels.
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers): Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62-1989. Atlanta1989.
2.
NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standard): 40 CFR Parts 1-50:650-730, 1992.
3.
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency): Indoor air quality model for windows-risk (version 1.0). National Risk Management Research Lab. Research Triangle Park, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, 1995.
4.
Guerin M., Jenkins R., Tomkin B.: The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement . Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers , 1992.
5.
Brunnemann K., Hoffmann D., Wynder E., Gori G.: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke: in Wynder E, Hoffmann D, Gori G (eds): Modifying the Risk for the Smoker . Proc 3rd World Conf Smoking and Health. New York, June 1975. US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, National Cancer Institute, 1976 . DHEW Publ No (NIH) 76-1221, pp 441-449.
6.
Brunnemann K. , Kagan M., Cox J., Hoffmann D.: Analysis of 1,3-butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. Carcinogenesis1990; 11(10):1863-1868.
7.
Rickert W., Robinson J., Collinshaw N.: Yields of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in the sidestream smoke from 15 brands of Canadian cigarettes. Am J of Publ Hlth1984;74:228-231.
8.
Sakuma H., Kusama M., Munakata S., Ohsumi T., Sugawara S.: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke. I. Acidic Components; in Guerin M, Jenkins R, Tomkin B (eds.): The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, 1992 .
9.
Sakuma H., Kusama M., Yamaguchi K., Sugawara S.: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke. III. Middle and higher boiling components; in Guerin M, Jenkins R, Tomkin B (eds.): The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Boca Raton , Lewis Publishers, 1992.
10.
Sakuma H., Kusama M., Yamaguchi K., Matsuki T., Sugawara S.: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke. II. Bases; in Guerin M, Jenkins R, Tomkin B (eds.): The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers , 1992 .
11.
Wallin A.: Particles sources and dispersion. MS thesis in meteorology. Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 1998 .
12.
WHO (World Health Organization): Air Quality and Health (www.who.int/environmentalinformation/Air/Guidelines/Chapter2.htm1 ), 1999.
13.
WHO (World Health Organization): Air Pollution. Fact sheet No 187 (www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact187.html), 2000.
14.
CARB/OEHHA (California Air Resources Board and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Proposed identification of diesel exhaust as a toxic air contaminant, as approved by the Scientific Review Panel and Part B: Health Risk Assessment for Diesel Exhaust. California Environmental Protection Agency: Sacramento, Air Resources Board, 1998.
15.
CARB/OEHHA (California Air Resources Board and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment): Proposed Identification Of Diesel Exhaust As A Toxic Air Contaminant: Initial Statement of Reasons for Rule-making: Staff Report. California Environmental Protection Agency: Sacramento, Air Resources Board, 1998.
16.
Linn W., Spier C., Hackney J.: Activity patterns in ozone-exposed construction workers. J Occup Med Toxicol1993;2:1-14.
17.
Linn W., Shamoo D., Hackney J.: Documentation of activity patterns in 'high risk' groups exposed to ozone in the Los Angeles area. Proceedings of the second EPA/AWMA conference on Tropospheric ozone, Atlanta , November 1991. Pittsburgh, Air and Waste Management Association, 1992, pp 701-712.
18.
Adams W.: Measurement of breathing rate and volume in routinely performed daily activities, Final report, Contract number A033-205, 185 pages. California Air Resources Board (CARB), 1993.
19.
Layton D.: Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments. HealthPhysics1993;64:23-26.
20.
Spier C., Little D., Trim S., Johnson T., Linn W., Hackney J.: Activity patterns in elementary and high school students exposed to oxidant pollution. J Analyt Envir Epidemiol1992;2:277-293.
21.
De Nevers N.: Air Pollution Control Engineering. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2000.
22.
Bhatia R., Lopipero P., Smith A.: Diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer. Epidemiology1998; 9:84-91.
23.
Modena Cancer Registry: Lung cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. MCR report 1997. www.unimo.it/rtm/1997/mcrlung.html.
24.
National Cancer Institute: Seer cancer statistics review, 1973-1996.
25.
Ligocki M., Liu H., Cass G., John W.: Measurements of particle deposition rates inside southern Californian museums . Aerosol Sci Technol1990;13:85-101.
26.
Nazaroff W. , Cass G.: Mass-transfer aspects of pollutant removal at indoor surfaces. Envir Int1989;15:567-584.
Sinclair J. , Psota-Kelty L., Weschler C.: Indoor/ Outdoor relationships of airborne ionic substances: Comparison of electronic equipment room and factory environments . Atmospheric Envir1988 ;26A:871-882.
29.
Sinclair J. , Psota-Kelty L., Peins L., Ibidunni A.: Indoor/Outdoor ratios and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances at Newark, NJ . Atmospheric Envir1992;22:461-469.
30.
Raunema T., Kulmala M., Saari H., Olin M., Kulmala M.: Indoor air aerosol model: transport indoors and deposition of fine and coarse particles. Aerosol Sci and Technol1989;11:11-25.
31.
Thatcher T. , Layton D.: Deposition, re-suspension, and penetration of particles within a residence. Atmospheric Environment1995;29: 1487-1497.
