Review : Mineral Fibres and Health

Abstract

The use of inorganic fibrous materials is a comparatively new phenomenon and was uncommon before the Indus trial Revolution. Humans evolved in a comparatively fibre-free environment and consequently never fully de veloped the defence mechanisms needed to deal with the consequences of inhaling fibres. However, the urban environment now has an airborne fibre concentration of around 1 f.I ^-1, which is a tenfold increase on the natural background. Any sample of ambient air collected in doors or outdoors will probably contain some mineral fibres, but there is little evidence that these pose any risk to human health. They come from asbestos used in brakes, glass and mineral wools used as insulation and fire proofing of buildings, gypsum from plaster and a variety of types from many sources. Few of these have the potential to do any harm. Asbestos is the only fibre of note but urban levels are insignificant compared to occu pational exposures. When the health of cohorts occupa tionally exposed to the several types of asbestos is stud ied the problem can be put into perspective. Studies of workers in the chrysotile industry exposed to much high er dust levels than in a factory today show no excess lung cancer or mesothelioma. By comparison those liv ing near crocidolite mines, let alone working in them, may develop asbestos-related disease. As always, dose is the critical factor. Chrysotile is cleared from the lungs very efficiently, only the amphiboles are well retained. The only real health problem comes from the earlier use of asbestos products that may now be old, friable and damaged and made from amphibole or mixed fibre. If, though, these are still in good condition, they do not pose a health problem. Asbestos-related diseases are very rare in those not occupationally exposed. Where they exist exposure has nearly always been to croci dolite.