Aims: To investigate trend data in the prevalence of sleep-onset difficulties among Norwegian adolescents covering the age groups 11, 13 and 15 years. Methods: Data were based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children — A WHO Cross-National Survey (HBSC) — and were collected on six occasions between 1983 and 2005. At each point in time data were obtained from representative samples comprising between 3402 and 5026 adolescents. Results: The prevalence of sleep-onset difficulties was higher among 11-year-old students compared to the 13- and 15-year-olds. Girls reported a higher prevalence than boys. A logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of sleep-onset difficulties overall had increased significantly since 1983, which constituted the reference year. When the analysis was broken down by age and gender, the same tendency was found in all groups. Conclusions: The prevalence of sleep-onset difficulties among adolescents has increased during the last decades. This development gives reason for concern and should receive more attention from teachers, parents and health professionals.
Wolfson AR , Carskadon MASleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents . Child Dev1998;69:875-87.
2.
Goodburn EA , Ross DAA picture of health: A review and annotated bibliography of the health of young people in developing countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.
3.
Carskadon MAThe second decade. In: Guilleminault C , editor. Sleep and waking disorders: Indications and techniques . Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley;1982. p 99-125.
4.
Taylor D. , Acebo C. , Carskadon MAMSLT across 36 hours of sleep loss in adolescents . Sleep2003;26: A189 .
5.
Morre RYCircadian rhythms: Basic neurobiology and clinical applications . Annu Rev Med1997;48:253-66.
6.
Carskadon MA , Acebo C. , Richardson GS , Tate BA , Seifer R.An approach to studying circadian rhythms of adolescent humans . J Biol Rhythms1997 ;12:278-89.
7.
Czeisler CA , Weitzman ED , Mooreede MC , Zimmerman JC , Knauer RSHuman sleep - its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase . Science1980 ;210:1264-7.
8.
Carskadon MAFactors influencing sleep patterns of adolescents . In: Carskadon MA , editor. Adolescent sleep patterns. Biological, social, and psychological influences . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p 4-26.
9.
Liu X. , Zhou H.Sleep duration, insomnia and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents . Psychiatry Research2002;111:75-85.
10.
Kaneita Y. , Ohida T. , Osaki Y. , Tanihata T. , Minowa M. , Suzuki K. , et al. Insomnia among Japanese adolescents: A nationwide representative survey . Sleep2006;29:1543-50.
11.
Pallesen S. , Nordhus IH , Nielsen GH , Havik OE , Kvale G. , Johnsen BH , et al. Prevalence of insomnia in the adult Norwegian population . Sleep2001;24:771-9.
12.
Carskadon MASleep difficulties in young people . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med2004;158:597-8.
13.
Van den Bulck J.Text messaging as a cause of sleep interruption in adolescents, evidence from a cross-sectional study . J Sleep Res2003;12: 263 .
14.
Van den Bulck J.Television viewing, computer game playing, and Internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children . Sleep2004;27:101-04.
15.
Iglowstein I. , Jenni OG , Molinari L. , Largo RHSleep duration from infancy to adolescence: Reference values and generational trends . Pediatrics2003;111:302-07.
16.
Dollman J. , Ridley K. , Olds T. , Lowe E.Trends in the duration of school-day sleep among 10- to 15-year-old South Australians between 1985-2004 . Acta Paediatr2007; 96:1011-14.
17.
Danner FWDisturbing trends in the sleep of ``normal'' children and adolescents . Sleep2003;26: A121 .
18.
Currie C.Health behaviour in school-aged children. A WHO cross sectional survey (HBSC). Research protocol for the 1997-98 survey. Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh;1998 .
19.
Currie C. , Samdal O. , Boys W. , Smith B.Health behaviour in school-aged children. A WHO cross-national study. Research protocol for the 2001/2002 survey. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh;2001.
20.
Currie C. , Samdal O. , Godeau E.Health behaviour in school-aged children. A WHO cross-national study. Research protocol for the 2005/2006 survey. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh;2005.
21.
Torsheim T. , Wold B. , Samdal O. , Haugland S.Test-retest reliability of survey indicators measuring adolescent health and health behaviour. Bergen: Bergen Research Center for Health Promotion, University of Bergen; 1999.
22.
Wold B. , Aarø LE , Smith C.Health behaviour in school-aged children. A WHO cross national survey (HBSC). Research protocol for the 1993-94 study. Bergen : University of Bergen, Research Center for Health Promotion;1994.
23.
SPSS Inc..SPSS In. 15.0 ed. Chigaco: SPSS Inc.; 2006.
24.
Carskadon MA , Acebo C. , Jenni OGRegulation of adolescent sleep. Implications for behavior . Ann N Y Acad Sci2004;1021:276-91.
25.
Carskadon MA , Dement WCThe multiple sleep latency test: What does it measure?Sleep1982;5:S67-S72.
26.
Knutson KLThe association between pubertal status and sleep duration and quality among a nationally representative sample of US adolescents . Am J Hum Biol2005;17:418-24.
27.
Tynjala J. , Kannas L. , Levalahti E.Perceived tiredness among adolescents and its association with sleep habits and use of psychoactive substances . J Sleep Res1997;6:189-98.
28.
Zhang B. , Wing YKSex differences in insomnia: A meta-analysis . Sleep2006;29:85-93.
29.
Vignau J. , Bailly D. , Duhamel A. , Vervaecke P. , Beuscart R. , Collinet C.Epidemiologic study of sleep quality and troubles in French secondary school adolescents . J Adolesc Health1997;21:345-50.
30.
Rona RJ , Li L. , Gulliford MC , Chinn S.Disturbed sleep: effects of sociocultural factors and illness . Arch Dis Child1998;78:20-5.
31.
Johnson EO , Roth T. , Schultz L. , Breslau N.Epidemiology of DSM-IV insomnia in adolescence: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and an emergent gender difference . Pediatrics2006;117:E247-56.
32.
Kaplowitz P.Pubertal development in girls: secular trends . Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol2006;18:487-91.
33.
Juul A. , Teilmann G. , Scheike T. , Hertel NT , Holm K. , Laursen EM , et al. Pubertal development in Danish children: comparison of recentEuropean and US data. Int J Androl2006;29:247-54.
34.
Singh S. , Darroch JETrends in sexual activity among adolescent American women: 1982-1995 . Fam Plan Perspect1999;31:212-19.
35.
Ferrara M. , De Gennaro L.How much sleep do we need?Sleep Med Rev2001;5:155-79.
36.
Alexandru G. , Michikazu S. , Shimako H. , Xiaoli C. , Hitomi K. , Takashi Y. , et al. Epidemiological aspects of self-reported sleep onset latency in Japanese junior high school children . J Sleep Res2006;15:266-75.
37.
Collishaw S. , Maughan B. , Goodman R. , Pickles A.Time trends in adolescent mental health . J Child Psychol Psychiatry2004;45:1350-62.
38.
American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision. 4th ed, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
39.
Bernert RA , Merrill KA , Braithwaite SR , Van Orden KA , Joiner TEFamily life stress and insomnia symptoms in a prospective evaluation of young adults . J Fam Psychol2007;21:58-66.
40.
Lacks P. , Morin CMRecent advances in the assessment and treatment of insomnia . J Consult Clin Psychol1992;60: 586-94.
41.
Mattila VM , Parkkari J. , Rimpelä A.Adolescent survey non-response and later risk of death. A prospective cohort study of 78, 609 persons with 11-year follow-up . BMC Public Health2007 ;7, Art no. 87:1-6.
42.
National Sleep Foundation.2006Sleep in America Poll. Washington, DC ; 2006.
