In 2022, Ukraine centralised its social, economic, and kinetic resources to counter the Russian invasion. Yet, in cyberspace, it mustered an anonymous, volunteer, unregulated IT Army and relocated critical data to private servers abroad, decentralising its cyber-response and ceding its sovereignty, which in war tends to be consolidated by the state, to non-state actors instead. Drawing on ontological security (OS) theory, I argue that these measures were shaped more by Ukraine’s pursuit of a stable identity than concern for practical expediency. They have helped Ukraine secure its democratic self-image by affirming its preference for decentralised self-governed non-state agency, its affinity with the West, distinctiveness from Russia, and its capacity for being a role model to others. The findings challenge the existing literature by demonstrating that states may prioritise the preservation of their identity over cyber-sovereignty and that non-state cyber-actors can provide OS for the state and its subjects rather than disrupt it.
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ZelenskyyV (2022az) Vazhlyvo robyty vse, shchob Rosіia bіlshe nіkoly ne mohla shantazhuvaty anі Ukrainu, anі Frantsіiu – vystup Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho na shchorіchnykh zborakh frantsuzkykh pіdpryiemtsіv pіd ehіdoiu bіznes-obiednannia Medef [It is important to do everything so that Russia can never again blackmail either Ukraine or France – speech by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the annual meeting of French entrepreneurs under the auspices of the Medef business association]. President of Ukraine, 29August. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vazhlivo-robiti-vse-shob-rosiya-bilshe-nikoli-ne-mogla-shant-77381 (accessed 6 July 2025).
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ZelenskyyV (2022b) Buty smіlyvymy – tse nash brend; budemo poshyriuvaty nashu smіlyvіst u svіtі – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [Being brave is our brand; we will spread our courage in the world – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 7April. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/buti-smilivimi-ce-nash-brend-budemo-poshiryuvati-nashu-smili-74165 (accessed 6 July 2025).
233.
ZelenskyyV (2022ba) Vystup Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho na vruchennі nahorody the Atlantic Council ‘Za vydatne lіderstvo’, laureatom yakoi stav ukrainskyi narod [Speech by the President of Ukraine at the Atlantic Council’s Distinguished Leadership Awards]. President of Ukraine, 12May. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vistup-Prezydenta-volodimira-zelenskogo-na-vruchenni-nagorod-74977 (accessed 6 July 2025).
234.
ZelenskyyV (2022bb) Vіdsohodnі v Dіii dostupnі posluhy zі zmіny mіstsia reiestratsіi ta opytuvannia yak pershyi krok do bezposerednoho narodovladdia – Volodymyr Zelenskyy [From today, services for changing the place of registration and polling are available in Diia as the first step towards direct democracy – Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 8February. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vidsogodni-v-diyi-dostupni-poslugi-zi-zmini-miscya-reyestrac-72741 (accessed 6 July 2025).
235.
ZelenskyyV (2022bc) Vіriu, shcho syla liudskoi kreatyvnostі bіlsha, nіzh syla yadernoi derzhavy – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy do uchasnykіv mіzhnarodnoho festivaliu ‘Kannskі levy’ [I believe that the power of human creativity is greater than the power of a nuclear state – address by the President of Ukraine to the participants of the Cannes Lions international festival]. President of Ukraine, 21June. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/viryu-sho-sila-lyudskoyi-kreativnosti-bilsha-nizh-sila-yader-75937 (accessed 6 July 2025).
236.
ZelenskyyV (2022bd) Vіzmіt ukrainskyi dosvіd zakhystu, shchob harantuvaty bezpeku vashym narodam – vystup Prezydenta pіd chas uchastі u panelі ‘tsyfrova transformatsіia’ u mezhakh samіtu ‘velykoi dvadtsiatky’ [Take the Ukrainian defense experience to guarantee the security of your people – speech by the President of Ukraine during the participation in the Digital Transformation panel within the G20 summit]. President of Ukraine, 16November. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vizmit-ukrayinskij-dosvid-zahistu-shob-garantuvati-bezpeku-v-79169 (accessed 6 July 2025).
237.
ZelenskyyV (2022be) Zbroinі syly Ukrainy – tse fundament, na yakomu maie stoiaty fortetsia z nashoi natsіonalnoi yednostі – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [Armed Forces of Ukraine are the foundation on which the fortress of our national unity should stand – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 22April. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/zbrojni-sili-ukrayini-ce-fundament-na-yakomu-maye-stoyati-fo-74489 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022bh) Zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy Volodymyra Zelenskoho do uchasnykіv blahodіinoho telemarafonu Embrace Ukraine – #strivingtogether, yakyi vіdbuvsia v Amsterdamі [Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the participants of the Embrace Ukraine - #strivingtogether charity telethon, which took place in Amsterdam]. President of Ukraine, 22June. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/zvernennya-Prezydenta-ukrayini-volodimira-zelenskogo-do-ucha-75977 (accessed 6 July 2025).
241.
ZelenskyyV (2022bi) Teroru treba vіdpovіdaty siloiu na vsіkh rіvniakh: і na polі boiu, і sanktsіino, і yurydychno – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy [Terror must be responded to with force at all levels: On the battlefield, through sanctions, and legally – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 13October. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/teroru-treba-vidpovidati-siloyu-na-vsih-rivnyah-i-na-poli-bo-78477 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022bk) Stvorennia іnfrastruktury kіberbezpeky dalo zmohu zakhystyty ukrainskі veb-resursy ta bazy danykh vіd rosіiskykh atak – Volodymyr Zelenskyy pіd chas spіlkuvannia z kerіvnykamy amerykanskoho bіznesu [The creation of cyber security infrastructure made it possible to protect Ukrainian web resources and databases from Russian attacks – Volodymyr Zelenskyy during a conversation with American business leaders]. President of Ukraine, 6September. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/stvorennya-infrastrukturi-kiberbezpeki-dalo-zmogu-zahistiti-77553 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022bm) Peremozhemo zavdiaky nashomu vmіnniu hurtuvatysia ta zavzhdy pamiataty pro svoikh – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy Volodymyra Zelenskoho [We will win thanks to our ability to unite and always care for our people – address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 14March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/peremozhemo-zavdyaki-nashomu-vminnyu-gurtuvatisya-ta-zavzhdi-73541 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022bo) Udar po Kramatorsku maie staty odnym zі zvynuvachen na trybunalі shchodo voiennykh zlochynіv Rosіi – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [The strike on Kramatorsk must be one of the charges at the tribunal regarding Russia’s war crimes – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 8April. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/udar-po-kramatorsku-maye-stati-odnim-zi-zvinuvachen-na-tribu-74197 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022br) Yevropeiska іntegratsіia Ukrainy – tse harantuvannia vіlnoho i zabezpechenoho zhyttia vsіm pokolіnniam nashoho narodu – vystup Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho na plenarnomu zasіdannі Verkhovnoi Rady [European integration of Ukraine is a guarantee of a free and prosperous life for all generations of our people – speech by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the plenary session of the Verkhovna Rada]. President of Ukraine, 1July. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/yevropejska-integraciya-ukrayini-ce-garantuvannya-vilnogo-j-76165 (accessed 6 July 2025).
250.
ZelenskyyV (2022c) Krainy Yevropy ta ves vіlnyi svіt maiut stymuliuvaty hromadian Rosіi do borotby za zmіnu rosіiskoi polіtyky – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy do uchasnykіv stratehichnoho forumu u m. Bled (Slovenіia) [European countries and the entire free world should encourage Russian citizens to fight for a change in Russian policy – address by the President of Ukraine to the participants of the Bled strategic forum (Slovenia)]. President of Ukraine, 29August. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/krayini-yevropi-ta-ves-vilnij-svit-mayut-stimulyuvati-gromad-77397 (accessed 6 July 2025).
251.
ZelenskyyV (2022d) My nіchoho ne vіddamo і budemo borotysia za kozhen metr nashoi zemlі, za kozhnu liudynu – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy [We will not give up anything and will fight for every meter of our land, for every person – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 30March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/mi-nichogo-ne-viddamo-i-budemo-borotisya-za-kozhen-metr-nash-73973 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022f) Ofіtsіino vyznano: Ukraina – tse maibutnіi rіvnyi partner dlia 27 krain YES – zvernennia Prezydenta, holovy Verkhovnoi Rady ta Premyer-Mіnіstra [Officially recognised: Ukraine is a future equal partner for 27 EU countries – address by the President, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and the Prime Minister]. President of Ukraine, 24June. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/oficijno-viznano-ukrayina-ce-majbutnij-rivnij-partner-dlya-2-76029 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022k) Raketa po tsentralnіi ploshchі Kharkova – tse teroryzm, і Rosіia maie vіdpovіsti za tse v mіzhnarodnykh sudakh – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy [The missile at the central square of Kharkiv is terrorism, and Russia must be held accountable for this in international courts – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 1March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/raketa-po-centralnij-ploshi-harkova-ce-terorizm-i-rosiya-may-73261 (accessed 6 July 2025).
259.
ZelenskyyV (2022l) Shche potrіbno borotys і zavdaty vorohu maksymalnoi shkody na vsіkh napriamkakh oborony – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy [We still need to fight and inflict maximum damage on the enemy in all areas of defense – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 13March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/she-potribno-borotis-i-zavdati-vorogu-maksimalnoyi-shkodi-na-73529 (accessed 6 July 2025).
260.
ZelenskyyV (2022m) Shchob my vyhnaly okupantіv z Ukrainy, Rosіi maie stavaty skladnіshe voiuvaty shchodnia – zvernennia Prezidenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [For us to expel the occupiers from Ukraine, every day must make it more and more difficult for Russia to wage a war – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 16August. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/shob-mi-vignali-okupantiv-z-ukrayini-rosiyi-maye-stavati-skl-77081 (accessed 6 July 2025).
261.
ZelenskyyV (2022n) Sohodnі kozhen zdobuvaie Ukrainі slavu na svoiemu mіstsі – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [Today, everyone is gaining glory for Ukraine in his or her place – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 12March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/sogodni-kozhen-zdobuvaye-ukrayini-slavu-na-svoyemu-misci-zve-73501 (accessed 6 July 2025).
262.
ZelenskyyV (2022o) Ukraina voiuie za svoie maibutnie, Rosіja – za chuzhe mynule, same tomu my peremozhemo – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho do studentskoi spіlnoty provіdnykh unіversytetіv Velykoi Brytanii [Ukraine is fighting for its future, Russia is fighting for someone else’s past, which is why we will win – president Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s address to the student community of leading British universities]. President of Ukraine, 10June. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ukrayina-voyuye-za-svoye-majbutnye-rosiya-za-chuzhe-minule-s-75741 (accessed 6 July 2025).
263.
ZelenskyyV (2022p) Vsі etapy іstorіi derzhavnostі Ukrainy mozhna opysaty odnym rechenniam: my buly, ie i budemo – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho z nahody Dnia ukrainskoi derzhavnostі [All stages of the history of Ukrainian statehood can be described in one sentence: We existed, exist and will exist – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on the occasion of Ukrainian Statehood Day]. President of Ukraine, 28July. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vsi-etapi-istoriyi-derzhavnosti-ukrayini-mozhna-opisati-odni-76705 (accessed 6 July 2025).
264.
ZelenskyyV (2022q) Vіd syly nashoho sprotyvu v usіkh yoho formakh priamo zalezhyt maibutnie Ukrainy – zvernennia Prezidenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [The future of Ukraine directly depends on the strength of our resistance in all its forms – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 13April. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vid-sili-nashogo-sprotivu-v-usih-jogo-formah-pryamo-zalezhit-74293 (accessed 6 July 2025).
265.
ZelenskyyV (2022r) Vіdbudova Ukrainy – tse ne tіlky pro te, shcho treba zrobyty pіslia peremohy, a i pro te, shcho maiemo robyty zaraz razom z partneramy – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [The recovery of Ukraine is not only about what needs to be done after the victory, but also about what we and our partners should do now – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 4July. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vidbudova-ukrayini-ce-ne-tilki-pro-te-sho-treba-zrobiti-pisl-76289 (accessed 6 July 2025).
266.
ZelenskyyV (2022s) Vіdbudova Ukrainy bude naibіlshym vneskom u pіdtrymku hlobalnoho myru – promova Prezidenta na mіzhnarodnіi konferentsіi z pytan vіdnovlennia Ukrainy v Luhano [The reconstruction of Ukraine will be the greatest contribution to the maintenance of global peace – President’s speech at the Ukraine Recovery Conference in Lugano]. President of Ukraine, 4July. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/vidbudova-ukrayini-bude-najbilshim-vneskom-u-pidtrimku-globa-76261 (accessed 6 July 2025).
267.
ZelenskyyV (2022t) Zhenіt okupantіv, zhenіt tsykh rabіv: zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho do zhytelіv ukrainskykh mіst [Drive the occupiers out, drive these slaves out: President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s address to the residents of Ukrainian cities]. President of Ukraine, 21march. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/zhenit-okupantiv-zhenit-cih-rabiv-zvernennya-prezidenta-volo-73713 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022w) Zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho do studentіv і rektorіv ukrainskykh zakladіv vyshchoi osvіty [Address by president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to students and rectors of higher educational institutions of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 19May. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/zvernennya-Prezydenta-volodimira-zelenskogo-do-studentiv-i-r-75173 (accessed 6 July 2025).
ZelenskyyV (2022y) Dlia nas tse vіtchyzniana vіina, і my znaiemo, chym takі vіiny zakіnchuiutsia dlia zaharbnykіv – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukrainy [For us, this is a patriotic war, and we know how such wars end for the invaders – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 3March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/dlya-nas-ce-vitchiznyana-vijna-i-mi-znayemo-chim-taki-vijni-73293 (accessed 6 July 2025).
272.
ZelenskyyV (2022z) Kozhen den sprotyvu stvoriuie dlia Ukrainy krashchі umovy na perehovorakh, shchob harantuvaty nashe maibutnie u myrі – zvernennia Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho [Every day of resistance creates better conditions for Ukraine in the negotiations to guarantee our future in peace – address by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]. President of Ukraine, 7March. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/kozhen-den-sprotivu-stvoryuye-dlya-ukrayini-krashi-umovi-na-73417 (accessed 6 July 2025).
273.
ZelenskyyV (2023a) Diia stane odnym іz servіsіv – provaiderіv vіdbudovy Ukrainy – vystup Prezydenta Volodymyra Zelenskoho na Diia Summit 2023 [Diia will become one of service providers of Ukraine’s reconstruction – speech by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the Diia Summit 2023]. President of Ukraine, 19December. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/diya-stane-odnim-iz-servisiv-provajderiv-vidbudovi-ukrayini-87837 (accessed 6 July 2025).
274.
ZelenskyyV (2023b) Ukraina peremohy bude krainoiu, hіdnoiu svoikh heroiv – vystup Prezydenta na plenarnomu zasіdannі Verkhovnoi Rady z nahody 27-i rіchnytsі ukhvalennia konstytutsіi [The victorious Ukraine will be a country worthy of its heroes – President’s speech at the plenary session of the Verkhovna Rada on the occasion of the 27th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution]. President of Ukraine, 28June. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ukrayina-peremogi-bude-krayinoyu-gidnoyu-svoyih-geroyiv-vist-83869 (accessed 6 July 2025).
275.
ZelenskyyV (2023c) Nastupnoho roku dodaiemo znachnі biudzhetnі koshty na oboronno-promyslovyi kompleks – zvernennia Prezydenta Ukraini [Next year, we will add significant budget funds for the defense industry – address by the President of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine, 13September. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/nastupnogo-roku-dodayemo-znachni-byudzhetni-koshti-na-oboron-85589 (accessed 6 July 2025).
276.
ZelenskyyV (2024) Olena Zelenska pіd chas vіzytu do Velykoi Brytanіi: zmіtsnennia Ukrainy – tse zmіtsnennia vsoho demokratychnoho svіtu [Olena Zelenska during her visit to the UK: Strengthening Ukraine is strengthening the entire democratic world]. President of Ukraine, 29February. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/olena-zelenska-pid-chas-vizitu-do-velikoyi-britaniyi-zmicnen-89437 (accessed 6 July 2025).
