United we stand? Perceived loyalty of dual nationals,multiracial people,and dual state residents

Abstract

As multiracial children of foreign-born parents, Kamala Harris and Barack Obama embody diversity in politics for many perceivers. Yet some have also questioned their loyalty to their respective groups. We explored perceptions of dual group members’ (DGM; dual nationals, multiracial people, and dual state residents) loyalty among first-party (those who share a group membership with a DGM target) and third-party perceivers (those who do not). Studies 1a–2b showed that first- and third-party perceivers rated DGMs as less loyal than their single group member (SGM) counterparts. However, only first- (Studies 2a–2b) but not third-party (Studies 1a–1b) perceivers preferred SGMs to DGMs for loyalty-dependent roles. Study 3 revealed that perceivers who were higher in patriotism supported DGMs for loyalty-dependent roles less when they were first- (vs. third) party observers. These studies suggest that perceivers readily intuit that DGMs are less loyal than SGMs and, under some conditions, this may lead to discrimination.

Keywords

dual national intergroup relations loyalty multiracial political psychology

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abelson

R. P.

Dasgupta

Park

Banaji

M. R.

(1998). Perceptions of the collective other. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(4), 243–250.

Albuja

A. F.

Sanchez

D. T.

Gaither

S. E.

(2018). Fluid racial presentation: Perceptions of contextual “passing” among biracial people. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 77, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.010

Barbour

(2017, December 2). Barnaby Joyce declares victory in New England with huge swing against low-profile opponents. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-02/barnaby-joyce-wins-new-england-by-election-antony-green-says/9220356

Brewer

M. B.

(2007). The importance of being we: Human nature and intergroup relations. American Psychologist, 62, 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.728

Cadelago

. (2019, December 2). Why Kamala Harris is glad people are asking if she’s Black enough. Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/12/kamala-harris-2020-black-race-1167030

Castano

Yzerbyt

Bourguignon

Seron

(2002). Who may enter? The impact of in-group identification on in-group/out-group categorization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1512

Chen

J. M.

Kteily

N. S.

A. K.

(2019). Whose side are you on? Asian Americans’ mistrust of Asian-White biracials predicts more exclusion from the ingroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 827–841. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218798032

Colby

S. L.

Ortman

J. M.

(2015). Projections of the Size and Composition of the US Population: 2014 to 2060. Population Estimates and Projections. Current Population Reports. P25-1143. US Census Bureau.

Cuddy

A. J. C.

Fiske

S. T.

Glick

(2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. In Zanna

M. P.

(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 40, pp. 61–149). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0

10.

Devine

P. G.

(1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(1), 5.

11.

Devos

Banaji

M. R.

(2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447

12.

Fiske

S. T.

(2018). Stereotype content: Warmth and competence endure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417738825

13.

Fiske

S. T.

Cuddy

A. C.

Glick

(1999). (Dis) respecting versus (dis) liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of social issues, 55(3), 473–489.

14.

Fiske

S. T.

Cuddy

A. J. C.

Glick

(2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878

15.

Gill

M. J.

(2003). Biased against “them” more than “him”: Stereotype use in group-directed and individual-directed judgments. Social cognition, 21(5), 321–348.

16.

Goh

J. X.

Hall

J. A.

Rosenthal

(2016). Mini meta-analysis of your own studies: Some arguments on why and a primer on how. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12267

17.

Graham

Haidt

Koleva

Motyl

Iyer

Wojcik

S. P.

Ditto

P. H.

(2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In Devine

Plant

(Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 55–130). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4

18.

Griffiths

(2017, October 27). Australia Deputy PM Barnaby Joyce loses seat over citizenship. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/26/asia/australia-citizenship-joyce/index.html

19.

Hayes

A. F.

(2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.

20.

Herndon

A. W.

(2019, January 21). Kamala Harris declares candidacy, evoking King and joining diverse field. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/21/us/politics/kamala-harris-2020-president.html

21.

A. K.

Kteily

N. S.

Chen

J. M.

(2020). Introducing the Sociopolitical Motive × Intergroup Threat model to understand how monoracial perceivers’ sociopolitical motives influence their categorization of multiracial people. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 24, 260–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868320917051

22.

Huddy

Khatib

(2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.x

23.

Jasinskaja-Lahti

Renvik

T. A.

van der Noll

Eskelinen

Rohmann

Verkuyten

(2020). Dual citizenship and the perceived loyalty of immigrants. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23, 996–1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219872809

24.

Kelloway

E. K.

Catano

V. M.

Southwell

R. R.

(1992). The construct validity of union commitment: Development and dimensionality of a shorter scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00498.x

25.

Knowles

E. D.

Peng

(2005). White selves: Conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.223

26.

Kosterman

Feshbach

(1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political psychology, 10, 257–274.

27.

Kunst

J. R.

Thomsen

Dovidio

J. F.

(2018). Divided loyalties: Perceptions of disloyalty underpin bias toward dually-identified minority-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, 807–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000168

28.

Leach

C. W.

van Zomeren

Zebel

Vliek

M. L. W.

Pennekamp

S. F.

Doosje

Ouwerkerk

J. W.

Spears

(2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144

29.

Lyons

P. A.

Kenworthy

J. B.

Popan

J. R.

(2010). Ingroup identification and group-level narcissism as predictors of U.S. citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Arab immigrants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1267–1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380604

30.

Misch

Over

Carpenter

(2014). Stick with your group: Young children’s attitudes about group loyalty. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 126, 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.02.008

31.

Neuman

(2018, March 28). Senate candidate Joe Arpaio vows to keep pushing birtherism. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/28/597523854/senate-candidate-joe-arpaio-vows-to-keep-pushing-birtherism

32.

Poushter

. (2018). Six charts on how Russians and Americans see each other. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/21/by-2050-india-to-have-worlds-largest-populations-of-hindus-and-muslims/

33.

Ratna

(2014). “Who are ya?” The national identities and belongings of British Asian football fans. Patterns of Prejudice, 48, 286–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2014.927603

34.

Remedios

J. D.

Chasteen

A. L.

Oey

(2012). “Unskilled” workers: Social skills stereotypes affect evaluations of biracial job applicants. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34, 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.674451

35.

Remnick

(2010). The bridge: The life and rise of Barack Obama. Random House.

36.

Rothgerber

(2014). Evaluation of ingroup disloyalty within a multigroup context. Social Psychology, 45, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000196

37.

Schwartz

S. H.

(1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna

M. P.

(Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6

38.

Sejersen

T. B.

(2008). “I vow to thee my countries” – The expansion of dual citizenship in the 21st century. International Migration Review, 42, 523–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00136.x

39.

Sidanius

Feshbach

Levin

Pratto

(1997). The interface between ethnic and national attachment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 102–133. https://doi.org/10.1086/297789

40.

Sullivan

. (2019, February 2). “I am who I am”: Kamala Harris, daughter of Indian and Jamaican immigrants, defines herself simply as “American.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/i-am-who-i-am-kamala-harris-daughter-of-indian-and-jamaican-immigrants-defines-herself-simply-as-american/2019/02/02/0b278536-24b7-11e9-ad53-824486280311_story.html

41.

Talhelm

Zhang

Oishi

Shimin

Duan

Lan

Kitayama

. (2014). Large-scale psychological rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344, 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246850

42.

Travaglino

G. A.

Abrams

Randsley de Moura

Marques

J. M.

Pinto

I. R.

(2014). How groups react to disloyalty in the context of intergroup competition: Evaluations of group deserters and defectors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.05.006

43.

Van Vugt

Hart

C. M

. (2004). Social identity as social glue: The origins of group loyalty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.585

44.

West

A. L.

Zhang

Yampolsky

M. A.

Sasaki

J. Y.

(2018). The potential cost of cultural fit: Frame switching undermines perceptions of authenticity in Western contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02622

45.

Williams

(2016, April 8). Suit challenging Cruz eligibility reaches Supreme Court. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/suit-challenging-cruz-eligibility-reaches-supreme-court-n553321

46.

Yogeeswaran

Dasgupta

(2010). Will the “real” American please stand up? The effect of implicit national prototypes on discriminatory behavior and judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1332–1345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380928

47.

Yuki

(2003). Intergroup comparison versus intragroup relationships: A cross-cultural examination of social identity theory in North American and East Asian cultural contexts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 166–183. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519846

48.

Zdaniuk

Levine

J. M.

(2001). Group loyalty: Impact of members’ identification and contributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2000.1474

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.09 MB