The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of a Portuguese version of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). A total of 120 new mothers completed the translated version of PDSS and later were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, our gold standard for clinical status. The best cut-off score for the Portuguese version was 102, with a sensibility of 94%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 75% and a negative predictive value of 99%. Reliability, measured by the alpha coefficient of internal consistency, was .95. The PDSS is considered ready for use in the screening of Brazilian new mothers for postpartum depression.
Affonso, D.D., De, A.K., Horowitz, J.A., & Mayberry, L.J. (2000). An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(3), 207—216.
2.
American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
3.
Beck, C.T., & Gable, R.K. (2000). Postpartum depression screening scale: Development and psychometric testing. Nursing Research, 49(5), 272—282.
4.
Beck, C.T., & Gable, R.K. (2001a). Further validation of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Nursing Research, 50(3), 155—164.
5.
Beck, C.T., & Gable, R.K. (2001b). Comparative analysis of the performance of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale with two other depression instruments . Nursing Research, 50(4), 242—250.
6.
Benvenuti, P., Ferrara, M., Niccolai, C., Valoriani, V., & Cox, J.L. (1999). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Validation for an Italian sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 53(2), 137—141.
7.
Cooper, P.J., Campbell, E.A., Day, A., Kennerley, H., & Bond, A. (1988). Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth: A prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 799—806.
8.
Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782—786.
9.
Cox, J.L., Murray, D., & Chapman, G.A. (1993). Controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 27—31.
10.
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297—334.
11.
Del Ben, C.M., Vilela, J.A., Crippa, J.A., Hallak, J.E., Labate, C.M., & Zuardi, A.W. (2001). Confiabilidade da `Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV — Versão Clín nica' traduzida para o português. [Reliability of the structured interview for the DSM-IV-clinical scale translated to Portuguese] . Revista Brasiliera de Psiquiatria, 23(3), 156—159.
12.
Eberhard-Gran, M., Eskild, A., Tambs, K., Opjordsmoen, S., & Samuelsen, S.O. (2001). Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(4), 243—249.
13.
Ellis, B.B., Minsel, B., & Becker, P. (1989). Evaluation of attitude survey translations: an investigation using item response theory. International JournalPsychology, 24, 665—684.
14.
Hobfoll, S.E., Ritter, C., Lavin, J., Hulsizer, M.R., & Cameron, R.P. (1995). Depression prevalence and incidence among inter-city pregnant and postpartum women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 445—453.
15.
Holden, J. (1994). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in clinical practice. In J. Cox & J. Holden (Eds.), Perinatal psychiatry: Use and misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (pp. 124—144). Glasgow, UK: Bell & Bain .
16.
Houaiss, A., & Villar, M.S. (2001). Dicionário Houaiss da língua Portuguesa [Houaiss dictionary of Portuguese language] (1st ed.). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Objetiva.
17.
Hunter, E.C., Phillips, M.L., Chalder, T., Sierra, M., & David, A.S. (2003). Depersonalisation disorder: A cognitive-behavioural conceptualisation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1451—1467.
18.
Hunter, E.C., Sierra, M., & David, A.S. (2004). The epidemiology of depersonalisation and derealisation: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 39(1), 9—18.
19.
Menezes, P.R., & Nascimento, A.F. (1998). Validade e confiabilidade das escalas de avaliação em Psiquiatria [Validity and reliability of evaluation scales in psychiatry]. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 25(5), 214—216.
20.
Nonacs, R., & Cohen, L.S. (1998). Postpartum mood disorders: Diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Journal ofClinical Psychiatry, 59(2), 34—40.
21.
Nonacs, R., & Cohen, L.S. (2000). Postpartum psychiatric syndromes. In B. J. Sadock & V. A. Sadock (Eds.), Kaplan and Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (7th edn, pp. 1276—1283). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
22.
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
23.
O'Hara, M.W., & Swain, A.M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis . International Review of Psychiatry, 8, 37—54.
24.
Santos, M.F., Martins, F.C., & Pasquali, L. (2000). Escala de auto-registro de depressão pós-parto: estudo no Brasil [Clinical self assessment scales in psychiatry and psychopharmacology] . In C. Gorenstein, L. H. Andrade, & A. W. Zuardi (Eds.), Escalas de avaliação clínica em psiquiatria e psicofarmacologia (pp. 97—104). São Paulo, Brazil: Lemos Editorial.
25.
Sen, B., & Mari, J.J. (1986). Psychiatric research instruments in the transcultural setting: Experiences in India and Brazil. Social Science & Medicine, 23(3), 277—281.
26.
Symon, A., MacDonald, A., & Ruta, D. (2002). Postnatal quality of life assessment: Introducing the mother-generated index. Birth, 29(1), 40—46.
27.
The Marcé Society. (2001) Available [Accessed 19 September 2003]: http://www.marcesociety.com/ .
28.
Van Ommeren, M.V., Sharma, B., Thapa, S., Makaju, R., Prasain, D., & Bhattarai, R. (1999). Preparing instruments for transcultural research: Use of the translation monitoring form with Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees . Transcultural Psychiatry, 36(3), 285—301.
29.
Wickberg, B., & Hwang, C.P. (1996). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 94(3), 181—184.
30.
Wolf, A.W., De Andraca, I., & Lozoff, B. (2002). Maternal depression in three Latin American samples . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(4), 169—176.
31.
World Health Organization. (1993). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision. Geneva: WHO Press.
32.
Yonkers, K.A., Ramin, S.M., Rush, A.J., Navarrete, C.A., Carmody, T., March, D., Heartwell, S.F., & Leveno, K.J. (2001). Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. American Journal of Psychiatry,158(11), 1856—1863.
33.
Zelkowitz, P., & Milet, T.H. (1996). Postpartum psychiatric disorders: Their relationship to psychological adjustment and marital satisfaction in the spouses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(2), 281—285.
