Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2022-4
A longitudinal study of the influence of concerns about contagion on negative affect during the COVID-19 lockdown in adults: The moderating effect of gender and resilience
The COVID-19 global pandemic has had psychological consequences worldwide. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of concerns about contagion on negative affect (NA) according to resilience, gender and age by using a longitudinal methodology that evaluated the participants 4 months before the COVID-19 outbreak and during the resulting lockdown situation imposed by the Spanish government. About 102 participants from a community sample were assessed. The results revealed higher levels of NA during the lockdown, as well as a positive relationship between age and the increase in NA. In addition, we found that a positive relationship between contagion concern and increase in NA was only observed in women with low resilience.
AhorsuDKLinCYImaniV, et al. (2020) The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Epub ahead of print 27March2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
2.
ArmitageRNellumsLB (2020) COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. Lancet Public Health5: e256. DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30061-x.
3.
BlackmonBJLeeJCochranDM, et al. (2017) Adapting to life after hurricane Katrina and the deepwater horizon oil spill: An examination of psychological resilience and depression on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Social Work Public Health32: 65–76. DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2016.1188746.
4.
BonannoGAGaleaSBucciarelliA, et al. (2007) What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology75(5): 671–682. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671.
5.
BrooksSKWebsterRKSmithLE, et al. (2020) The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet395: 912–920. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
6.
Campbell-SillsLSteinMB (2007) Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress20: 1019–1028. DOI: 10.1002/jts.20271.
7.
ConnorKMDavidsonJR (2003) Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety18(2): 76–82. DOI: 10.1002/da.10113.
8.
Di RenzoLGualtieriPPivariF, et al. (2020) Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine18: 229. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02399-5.
9.
FlaxmanSMishraSGandyA, et al. (2020) Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nature584(7830): 257–261. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7.
10.
GaleaSMerchantRMLurieN (2020) The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine180(6): 817–818. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562.
11.
GaoJZhengPJiaY, et al. (2020) Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS One15(4): e0231924. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231924.
12.
González-SanguinoCAusínBCastellanosMA, et al. (2020) Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity87: 172–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040.
13.
HayesAF (2018) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. 2nd ed.New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14.
KillgoreWDTaylorECCloonanSA, et al. (2020) Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research291: 113216. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216.
15.
LiuCHZhangEWongGTF, et al. (2020) Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for US young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research290: 113172. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172.
16.
MazzaCRicciEBiondiS, et al. (2020) A nationwide survey of psychological distress among italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health17(9): 3165. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093165.
17.
McKayDYangHElhaiJ, et al. (2020) Anxiety regarding contracting COVID-19 related to interoceptive anxiety sensations: The moderating role of disgust propensity and sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders73: 102233. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102233.
18.
MorgansteinJCUrsanoRJ (2020) Ecological disasters and mental health: Causes, consequences, and interventions. Frontiers in Psychiatry11: 1. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00001.
19.
Notario-PachecoBSolera-MartínezMSerrano-ParraMD, et al. (2011) Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) in young adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes9: 63. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-9-63.
20.
PolizziCLynnSJPerryA (2020) Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to reresilience and rercovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry17(2): 59–62.
21.
QiuJShenBZhaoM, et al. (2020) A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implication and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry33: e100213. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
22.
SalgueroJMFernández-BerrocalPIruarrizagaI, et al. (2011) Major depressive disorder following terrorist attacks: A systematic review of prevalence, course and correlates. BMC Psychiatry11: 96. DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-96.
23.
SandinBChorotPLostaoL, et al. (1999) Escalas Panas de afecto positivo y negativo: Validación factorial y convergencia transcultural. Psico-thema11: 37–51.
24.
SchäferJÖNaumannEHolmesEA, et al. (2017) Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence46: 261–76. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0.
SonderskovKMDinesenPTSantiniZI, et al. (2020) The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 32(4): 226–228. DOI: 10.1017/neu.2020.15.
27.
VanderbruggenNMatthysFVan LaereS, et al. (2020) Self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during COVID-19 lockdown measures: Results from a web-based survey. European Addiction Research26: 309–315. DOI: 10.1159/000510822.
28.
VindegaardNBenrosME (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity89: 531–541. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
29.
WangCPanRWanX, et al. (2020a) A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity87: 40–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028.
30.
WangHXiaQXiongZ, et al. (2020b) The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PLoS One15(5): e0233410. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233410.
31.
WatsonDClarkLATellegenA (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology54(6): 1063–1070. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063.
32.
WenhamCSmithJMorganR (2020) COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet395: 846–848. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.
33.
World Medical Association (2008) World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Seoul, South Korea: World Medical Association.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
