Data from a longitudinal questionnaire investigation of three time waves were used to investigate affective and behavioral changes and their covariant relationship among Chinese general population during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to May 2020. 145 participants aging from 15 to 63 completed three waves of survey. Latent growth curve analyses found that negative affect gradually increased as the pandemic continued. A faster increase in negative affect was related to a greater decrease in adaptive behavior and faster increase in non-adaptive behavior. A higher initial level of negative affect was related to a slower increase in non-adaptive behavior.
Acuña-ZegarraMASantana-CibrianMVelasco-HernandezJX (2020) Modeling behavioral change and COVID-19 containment in Mexico: A trade-offbetween lockdown and compliance. Mathematical Biosciences325: 108370.
2.
AroraTGreyI (2020) Health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and the potential consequences: A mini-review. Journal of Health Psychology25(9): 1155–1163.
3.
BaconAMCorrPJ (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United Kingdom: A personality-based perspective on concerns and intention to self-isolate. British Journal of Health Psychology25(4): 839–848.
4.
BaumeisterRFScherSJ (1988) Self-defeating behavior patterns among normal individuals: Review and analysis of common self-destructive tendencies. Psychological Bulletin104(1): 3–22.
5.
BaumeisterRFVohsKDDeWallCN, et al. (2007a) How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review11(2): 167–203.
6.
BaumeisterRFVohsKDTiceDM (2007b) The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science16(6): 351–355.
7.
BishAMichieS (2010) Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology15(4): 797–824.
BrooksSKWebsterRKSmithLE, et al. (2020) The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet395(10227): 912–920.
10.
CameronLD (2010) Temporal self-regulation theory: Towards a more comprehensive understanding of health behaviour. Health Psychology Review4(2): 70–74.
11.
CarverCS (2015) Control processes, priority management, and affective dynamics. Emotion Review7(4): 301–307.
12.
ČavojováVŠrolJBallová MikuškováE (2020) How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic?Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print 4 October 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1359105320962266.
13.
ChenFF (2007) Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling14(3): 464–504.
14.
CurranPJBollenKAChenF, et al. (2003) Finite sampling properties of the point estimates and confidence intervals of the RMSEA. Sociological Methods and Research32(2): 208–252.
15.
DavidsonRJJacksonDCKalinNH (2000a) Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin126(6): 890–909.
16.
DavidsonRJPutnamKMLarsonCL (2000b) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—A possible prelude to violence. Science289(5479): 591–594.
17.
DuanLShaoXWangY, et al. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders275: 112–118.
18.
EpsteinS (1998). Personal control from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self-theory. In: Personal Control in Action. New York: Plenum, pp.5–26.
19.
GarlandELFredricksonBKringAM, et al. (2010) Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review30(7): 849–864.
20.
GiordaniRCFZanoni da SilvaMMuhlC, et al. (2020) Fear of COVID-19 scale: Assessing fear of the coronavirus pandemic in Brazil. Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print 16 December 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1359105320982035.
21.
González-SanguinoCAusínBCastellanosMA, et al. (2021) Mental health consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. A longitudinal study of the alarm situation and return to the new normality. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107: 110219.
22.
GrossJJ (2015) Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry26(1): 1–26.
23.
HallPAFongGT (2007) Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior. Health Psychology Review1(1): 6–52.
24.
HeathertonTFStriepeMWittenbergL (1998) Emotional distress and disinhibited eating: The role of self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin24(3): 301–313.
25.
HollensteinTLanteigneD (2014) Models and methods of emotional concordance. Biological Psychology98: 1–5.
26.
HoubenMVan Den NoortgateWKuppensP (2015) The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin141(4): 901–930.
27.
HuLTBentlerPM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling6(1): 1–55.
28.
İpekSYurttutanSGüllüUU, et al. (2021) Is N95 face mask linked to dizziness and headache?International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Epub ahead of print 1 March 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01665-3.
29.
KuppensP (2015) Its about time: A special section on affect dynamics. Emotion Review7(4): 297–300.
30.
KuppensPVerduynP (2017) Emotion dynamics. Current Opinion in Psychology17: 22–26.
31.
KwasnickaDDombrowskiSUWhiteM, et al. (2016) Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: A systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychology Review10(3): 277–296.
32.
LiZChenQFengL, et al. (2020a) Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet396(10243): 63–70.
33.
LiBGuilaiZChenduL (2020b) Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the positive negative emotion scale in the elderly. China Journal of Health Psychology28(4): 617–620.
34.
LiHTingzhongYZhongminJ (2003) Applicability of the positive and negative affect scale in Chinese. Chinese Mental Health Journal17(1): 54–56.
35.
LiangLGaoTRenH, et al. (2020) Post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Chinese youths following the COVID-19 emergency. Journal of Health Psychology25(9): 1164–1175.
36.
LiuSLiJLiuC, et al. (2020a) Community control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery27(3): 237–240.
37.
LiuSYangLZhangC, et al. (2020b) Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry7(4): e17–e18.
38.
LohinivaALSaneJSibenbergK, et al. (2020) Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: A practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020. Eurosurveillance25(13): 3–6.
39.
LuceMF (1998) Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research24(4): 409–433.
40.
María del CarmenPFMaríadelMarMJMartínezÁM, et al. (2020) Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. PLoS One15(6): 1–11.
41.
MatiasTDominskiFHMarksDF (2020) Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. Journal of Health Psychology25(7): 871–882.
42.
MuravenMBaumeisterRF (2000) Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?Psychological Bulletin126(2): 247–259.
43.
NesselroadeJ (1983) Temporal selection and factor invariance in the study of development and change. Life-Span Development and Behavior5: 59–87.
44.
OnyeakaHKZahidSPatelRS (2020) The unaddressed behavioral health aspect during the coronavirus pandemic. Cureus12(3): 10–12.
45.
OysermanDCoonHMKemmelmeierM (2002) Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin128(1): 3–72.
46.
PostRM (2007) Kindling and sensitization as models for affective episode recurrence, cyclicity, and tolerance phenomena. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews31(6): 858–873.
47.
RaišieneAGRapuanoVVarkulevičiuteK, et al. (2020) Working from home-Who is happy? A survey of Lithuania’s employees during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Sustainability (Switzerland)12: 5332.
48.
RajkumarRP (2020) COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry52: 102066.
49.
RésiboisMVerduynPDelaveauP, et al. (2017) The neural basis of emotions varies over time: Different regions go with onset- and offset-bound processes underlying emotion intensity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience12(8): 1261–1271.
50.
RestubogSLDOcampoACGWangL (2020). Taking control amidst the chaos: Emotion regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior119: 103440.
51.
RogersJPChesneyEOliverD, et al. (2020) Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry7(7): 611–627.
52.
SetbonMLe PapeMCLétroublonC, et al. (2011) The public’s preventive strategies in response to the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 in France: Distribution and determinants. Preventive Medicine52(2): 178–181.
53.
SibleyCGGreavesLMSatherleyN, et al. (2020) Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. American Psychologist75(5): 618–630.
54.
SkeggDGluckmanPBoultonG, et al. (2021) Future scenarios for the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet397(10276): 777–778.
55.
SmithRD (2006) Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Social Science and Medicine63(12): 3113–3123.
56.
SommaAGialdiGFrauC, et al. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic preventive behaviors and causal beliefs among Italian community dwelling adults. Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print 13 October 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1359105320962243.
57.
SteigerJH (1990) Structural model evaluation an d modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Reseacrh25(2): 173–180.
58.
TamirM (2016) Why do people regulate their emotions? A taxonomy of motives in emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review20(3): 199–222.
59.
TanWHaoFMcIntyreRS, et al. (2020) Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity87: 84–92.
60.
TaylorAPSJBehaviorHReynaV, et al. (2020) Human behavior in the time of COVID-19. Observer33(5): 34.
61.
ThompsonRA (2019) Emotion dysregulation: A theme in search of definition. Development and Psychopathology31(3): 805–815.
62.
TiceDMBaumeisterRFShmueliD, et al. (2007) Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology43(3): 379–384.
63.
VandenbergRLanceC (2000) A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods3(1): 4–70.
64.
WangCPanRWanX, et al. (2020a) A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity87: 40–48.
65.
WangYZhaoXFengQ, et al. (2020b) Psychological assistance during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Journal of Health Psychology25(6): 733–737.
66.
WatsonDClarkLATellegenA (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology54(6): 1063–1070.
67.
WenzelMRowlandZKubiakT (2020) Examining five pathways on how self-control is associated with emotion regulation and affective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality. Epub ahead of print 13 September 2020. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12590.
68.
ZysbergLZisbergA (2020) Days of worry: Emotional intelligence and social support mediate worry in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print 18 August 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1359105320949935.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
