The aim of the study was to test whether a screening navigation program leads to more favorable health beliefs and decreases social inequalities in them. The selected 261 noncompliant participants in a screening navigation versus a usual screening program arm had to respond to health belief measures inspired by the Protection Motivation Theory. Regression analyses showed that social inequalities in perceived efficacy of screening, favorable attitude, and perceived facility were reduced in the screening navigation compared to the usual screening program. These results highlight the importance of health beliefs to understand the mechanism of screening navigation programs in reducing social inequalities.
AustinKLPowerESolarinI. (2009) Perceived barriers to flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer among UK ethnic minority groups: A qualitative study. Journal of Medical Screening16(4): 174–179.
2.
BerkowitzZHawkinsNAPeipinsLA. (2008) Beliefs, risk perceptions, and gaps in knowledge as barriers to colorectal cancer screening in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society56(2): 307–314.
3.
BoerHSeydelER (1996) Protection motivation theory. In: ConnerMNormanP (eds) Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp. 95–120.
4.
ChampionVLRawlSMBourffSA. (2016) Randomized trial of DVD, telephone, and usual care for increasing mammography adherence. Journal of Health Psychology21(6): 916-926.
5.
CokkinidesVEChaoASmithRA. (2003) Correlates of underutilization of colorectal cancer screening among U.S. adults, age 50 years and older. Preventive Medicine36(1): 85–91.
6.
DahlgrenGWhiteheadM (1991) Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for Futures Studies (translation).
7.
DavisTCRademakerABaileySC. (2013) Contrasts in rural and urban barriers to colorectal cancer screening. American Journal of Health Behavior37(3): 289–298.
8.
DejardinOBerchiCMignonA. (2011) Inégalités sociales, de santé du constat à l’action—Intérêt de la mise en place d’un accompagnement personnalisé pour la réduction des inégalités sociales en cancérologie. Revue d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique59(1): 45–51.
9.
FentonJJJerantAFvon Friederichs-FitzwaterMM. (2011) Physician counseling for colorectal cancer screening: Impact on patient attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine24(6): 673–681.
10.
FloydDLPrentice-DunnSRogersRW (2000) A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology30(2): 407–429.
11.
FrederiksenBLJørgensenTBrassoK. (2010) Socioeconomic position and participation in colorectal cancer screening. British Journal of Cancer103(10): 1496–1501.
12.
FreundKMBattagliaTACalhounE. (2008) National Cancer Institute Patient Navigation Research Program: Methods, protocol, and measures. Cancer113(12): 3391–3399.
13.
GorinSS (2005) Correlates of colorectal cancer screening compliance among urban Hispanics. Journal of Behavioral Medicine28(2): 125–137.
14.
Holmes-RovnerMWilliamsGAHoppoughS. (2002) Colorectal cancer screening barriers in persons with low income. Cancer Practice10(5): 240–247.
15.
JanzNKWrenPASchottenfeldD. (2003) Colorectal cancer screening attitudes and behavior: A population-based study. Preventive Medicine37(6): 627–634.
16.
JavanparastSWardPYoungG. (2010) How equitable are colorectal cancer screening programs which include FOBTs? A review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Preventive Medicine50(4): 165–172.
17.
KiviniemiMTB (2011) Individual-level factors in colorectal cancer screening: A review of the literature on the relation of individual-level health behavior constructs and screening behavior. Psycho-Oncology20(10): 1023–1033.
18.
LasserKEMurilloJLisboaS. (2011) Colorectal cancer screening among ethnically diverse, low-income patients: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine171(10): 906–912.
19.
McQueenASwankPRVernonSW (2013) Examining patterns of association with defensive information processing about colorectal cancer screening. Journal Of Health Psychology19(11): 1443–1458.
20.
MilneSOrbellSSheeranP (2002) Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology7(2): 163–184.
21.
Molina-BarcelóATrejoDSPeiró-PérezR. (2011) To participate or not? Giving voice to gender and socio-economic differences in colorectal cancer screening programmes. European Journal of Cancer Care20(5): 669–678.
22.
NayaradouMBerchiCDejardinO. (2010) Eliciting population preferences for mass colorectal cancer screening organization. Medical Decision Making30(2): 224–233.
23.
PaskettEDHarropJPWellsKJ (2011) Patient navigation: An update on the state of the science. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians61(4): 237–249.
24.
Percac-LimaSGrantRWGreenAR. (2009) A culturally tailored navigator program for colorectal cancer screening in a community health center: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine24(2): 211–217.
25.
PornetCDejardinOMorlaisF. (2010) Socioeconomic determinants for compliance to colorectal cancer screening. A multilevel analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health64(4): 318–324.
26.
PowerEVan JaarsveldCHMMcCafferyK. (2008) Understanding intentions and action in colorectal cancer screening. Annals of Behavioral Medicine35(3): 285–294.
27.
RogersRW (1983) Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In: CacioppoBLPettyLL (eds) Social Psychophysiology: A Source Book. London: Guildford Press, pp. 153–176.
28.
SabatinoSALawrenceBElderR. (2012) Effectiveness of interventions to increase screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers: Nine updated systematic reviews for the guide to community preventive services. American Journal of Preventive Medicine43(1): 97–118.
29.
StanleySLKingJBThomasCC. (2013) Factors associated with never being screened for colorectal cancer. Journal of Community Health38(1): 31–39.
30.
StevensJP (1984) Outliers and influential data points in regression analysis. Psychological Bulletin95(2): 334–344.
31.
TownsendP (1987) Deprivation. Journal of Social Policy16: 125–146.
32.
VernonSW (1997) Participation in colorectal cancer screening: A review. Journal of the National Cancer Institute89(19): 1406–1422.
33.
WardleJMcCafferyKNadelM. (2004) Socioeconomic differences in cancer screening participation: Comparing cognitive and psychosocial explanations. Social Science & Medicine59(2): 249–261.
34.
WeeCCMcCarthyEPPhillipsRS (2005) Factors associated with colon cancer screening: The role of patient factors and physician counseling. Preventive Medicine41(1): 23–29.
35.
WeinsteinND (1993) Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology12(4): 324–333.
36.
WellsKJBattagliaTADudleyDJ. (2008) Patient navigation: State of the art or is it science?Cancer113(8): 1999–2010.
37.
WhitakerKLGoodAMilesA. (2011) Socioeconomic inequalities in colorectal cancer screening uptake: Does time perspective play a role?Health Psychology30(6): 702–709.
