Random samples of 358 Jews and 162 Arabs in Israel aged 50 to 75 were compared by telephone survey for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening performance and intentions. Participants completed questionnaires on CRC screening, health beliefs, health locus of control, and CRC worries; rate of CRC screening and intention to be screened proved lower among Arabs. They received fewer recommendations from physicians, perceived lower severity of CRC and lower benefits of early detection of CRC, and had lower cancer worries, lower internal health locus of control, and higher external health locus of control. Jewish/Arab ethnicity predicted ever undergoing screening and screening intention before cognitive perceptions and worries were entered. After that, perceiving higher susceptibility and more benefits to screening, and having lower external health locus of control predicted CRC screening and screening intention, which was associated with higher cancer worries. Programs should be tailored to address ethnic groups' different health beliefs.
Al-Krenawi, A., & Graham, G.R. (2000). Culturally sensitive social work practice with Arab clients in mental health settings. Health and Social Work, 25, 9-22.
2.
Amara, M. (2005). The bilingual education model of Hand-in-Hand (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Hand-in-Hand, Centre for Jewish-Arab Education in Israel.
3.
American Cancer Society. (2005). Colorectal cancer: Facts and figures special edition 2005. Atlanta, GA: Author.
4.
Angel, R.J., & Williams, K. (2000). Cultural models of health and illness. In I. Cuellar & F. A. Paniagua (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural mental health (pp. 27-44). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
5.
Armitage, C.I., & Conner, M. (2000). Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review. Psychology and Health, 15, 173-189.
6.
Azaiza, F. (2006). Adolescent girls in distress: Views from Arab female adolescents living in Israel. International Social Work, 49, 188-197.
7.
Azaiza, F., & Cohen, M. (2006a). Health beliefs and attendance for early breast cancer detection among Arab women. Journal of Women's Health , 15(5), 520-530.
8.
Azaiza, F., & Cohen, M. (2006b). Between traditional and modern perceptions of breast and cervical cancer screenings: A qualitative study of Arab women in Israel. Revised manuscript submitted for publication.
9.
Baier, M., Calonge, N., Cutter, G., McClatchey, M., Schoentgen, S., Hines, S., et al. (2000). Validity of self-reported colorectal cancer screening behavior. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention , 2, 229-232.
10.
Barhana, M., & Lifsitz, O. (2003). Colorectal cancer, update 2003. Jerusalem: Israel National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health.
11.
Barhana, M., & Lifsitz, O. (2004). Updates on colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality and risk groups, February 2004. Jerusalem: Israel National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health.
12.
Baron-Epel, O., Granot, M., Badarna, S., & Avrami, S. (2004). Perception of breast cancer among Arab Israeli women. Women's Health, 40, 101-116.
13.
Becker, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting behavior . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
14.
Borrayo, E.A., Guarnaccia, C.A., & Mahoney, M.J. (2001). Prediction of breast cancer screening behavior among older women of Mexican descent: Applicability of theoretical models . International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology , 1, 73-90.
15.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2005). The Arab population in Israel 2003. Jerusalem, Israel: Author.
16.
Champion, V.L. (1999). Revised susceptibility, benefits, and barriers scale for mammography screening. Research in Nursing and Health , 22, 341-348.
17.
Cohen, M. (2002). First-degree relatives of breast-cancer patients: Cognitive perceptions, coping and adherence to breast self-examination. Behavioral Medicine, 28, 15-22.
18.
Cohen, M., & Azaiza, F. (2005). Early breast cancer detection practices, health beliefs, and cancer worries in Jewish and Arab women. Preventive Medicine, 41, 852-858.
19.
Franco, K., Belinson, J., Casey, G., Plummer, S., Tamburrino, M., & Tung, E. (2000). Adjustment to perceived ovarian cancer risk. Psycho-oncology, 19, 411-417.
20.
Grady, K.E., Lemkau, J.P., Lee, N.R., & Caddell, C. (1997). Enhancing mammography referral in primary care . Preventive Medicine, 26, 791-800.
21.
Israel Cancer Society. (2006). Colon cancer (in Hebrew). Retrieved March 25, 2006, from http://www.cancer.org.il/default.asp
22.
Janz, N.K., Wren, P.A., Schottenfeld, D., & Guire, K.E. (2003). Colorectal cancer screening attitudes and behavior: A population-based study. Preventive Medicine, 37(6, Pt. 1), 627-634.
23.
Kagawa-Singer, M. (2000). A socio-cultural perspective on cancer control issues for Asian Americans. Asian American and Pacific Islander Journal of Health, 8, 12-17.
24.
Lai, K., Nguyen, T.T., Mock, J., McPhee, S.J., Doan, H.T., & Pham, T.H. (2004). Increasing Vietnamese-American physicians' knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap testing: Impact of continuing medical education programs. Ethnicity and Disease, 14, S122-S127.
25.
Lawrence, P., & Rozmus, C. (2001). Culturally sensitive care of Muslim patients. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12, 228-233.
26.
Leininger M. (1995). Overview of Leininger's culture care theory. In M. Leininger & M. McFarland (Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research and practices (pp. 93-111). New York: McGraw-Hill.
27.
Manne, S., Markowitz, A., Winawer, S., Guillem, J., Meropol, N.J., Haller, D., et al. (2003). Understanding intention to undergo colonoscopy among intermediate-risk siblings of colorectal cancer patients: A test of a mediational model. Preventive Medicine, 36, 71-84.
28.
McCaul, K.D., Schroeder, D.M., & Reid, P.A. (1996). Breast cancer worry and screening: Some prospective data. Health Psychology, 15, 430-433.
29.
Mor-Sommerfeld, A., Azaiza, F., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (in press). Into the future: Towards bilingual education in Israel-Manifesto. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice.
30.
Myers, R.E., Balshem, A.M., Wolf, T.A., Ross, E.A., & Millner, L. (1993). Adherence to continuous screening for colorectal neoplasia. Medical Care, 31, 508-519.
31.
O'Malley, A.S., Forrest, C.B., Feng, S., & Mandelblatt, J. (2005). Disparities despite coverage: Gaps in colorectal cancer screening among Medicare beneficiaries. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2129-2135.
32.
O'Malley, A.S., Kerner, J., Johnson, A.E., & Mandelblatt, J. (1999). Acculturation and breast cancer screening among Hispanic women in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 219-227.
33.
O'Malley, M.S., Earp, J.A., Hawley, S.T., Chell, M.I., Mathews, H.F., & Mitchell, J. (2001). The association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and physician recommendation for mammography: Who gets the message about breast cancer screening?American Journal of Public Health, 91, 49-54.
34.
Ore, L., Hagoel, L., Lavi, I., & Rennert, G. (2001). Screening with faecal occult blood test (FOBT) for colorectal cancer: Assessment of two methods that attempt to improve compliance . European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10, 251-256.
35.
Pasick, R.J., Hiatt, E.A., & Paskett, E.D. (2004). Lessons learned from community-based cancer screening intervention research. Cancer, 101(5 Suppl.), 1146-1164.
36.
Petro-Nustus, W., & Mikhil, B.I. (2002). Factors associated with breast self-examination among Jordanian women. Public Health Nursing, 9, 263-271.
37.
Rajaram, S.S., & Rashidi, A. (1999). Asian-Islamic women and breast cancer screening: A socio-cultural analysis. Women's Health, 28, 45-58.
38.
Redeker, N.S. (1989). Health beliefs, health locus of control, and the frequency of practice of breast self-examination in women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 18, 45-51.
39.
Seeff, L.C., Nadel, M.R., Klabunde, C.N., Thompson, T., Shapiro, J.A., Vernon, S.W., et al. (2004). Patterns and predictors of colorectal cancer test use in the adult U.S. population. Cancer, 100, 2093-2103.
40.
Shokar, N.K., Vernon, S.W., & Weller, S.C. (2005). Cancer and colorectal cancer: Knowledge, beliefs, and screening preferences of a diverse patient population. Family Medicine, 37, 341-347.
41.
Thrasher, J.F., Cummings, K.M., Michalek, A.M., Mahoney, M.C., Moysich, K.B., & Pillittere, D.M. (2002). Colorectal cancer screening among individuals with and without a family history. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 8, 1-9.
42.
Vernon, S.W., Briss, P.A., Tiro, J.A., & Warnecke, R.B. (2004). Some methodological lessons learned from cancer screening research. Cancer, 101(5 Suppl.), 1131-1145.
43.
Wallston, K.A., Kaplan, G.D., & Maides, S.A. (1976). Development and validation of the Health Locus of Control (HLC) scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 580-585.
44.
Wallston, K.A., Wallston, B.S., & DeVellis, R.F. (1978). Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales. Health Education Monographs , 6, 160-170.
45.
Wardle, J., McCaffery, K., Nadel, M., & Atkin, W. (2004). Socioeconomic differences in cancer screening participation: Comparing cognitive and psychosocial explanations. Social Science and Medicine, 59, 249-261.
46.
Watts, B.G., Vernon, S.W., Myers, R.E., & Tilley, B.C. (2003). Intention to be screened over time for colorectal cancer in male automotive workers. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 12, 339-349.
47.
Williams-Piehota, P., Schneider, T.R., Pizarro, J., Mowad, L., & Salovey, P. (2004). Matching health messages to health locus of control beliefs for promoting mammography utilization. Psychology and Health, 19, 407-423.
48.
Yepes-Rios, M., Reimann, J.O., Talavera, A.C., Ruiz de Esparza, A., & Talavera, G.A. (2006). Colorectal cancer screening among Mexican Americans at a community clinic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 204-210.
