The Drive for Muscularity Scale and Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale were developed for use with men and correspond to measures of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in women. The psychometric properties of these measures were evaluated in a sample of 655 Italian men, who completed other 11 measures also. Both scales demonstrated excellent internal consistency and temporal stability as well as criterion-related and concurrent validity. Both measures distinguished between men with high and low levels of disordered eating. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the unidimensional factor structure of both scales. Directions for future research are discussed.
BarrosoCSPetersRJJohnsonRJ. (2010) Beliefs and perceived norms concerning body image among African-American and Latino teenagers. Journal of Health Psychology15(6): 858–870.
2.
BergeronDTylkaTL (2007) Support for the uniqueness of body dissatisfaction from drive for muscularity among men. Body Image4: 288–295.
3.
BlashillAJ (2011) Gender roles, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction in men: A meta-analysis. Body Image8: 1–11.
4.
CafriGThompsonJK (2004) Measuring male body image: A review of the current methodology. Psychology of Men and Masculinity5: 18–29.
5.
CalogeroRM (2009) Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology14: 394–402.
6.
ChittesterNIHausenblasHA (2009) Correlates of drive for muscularity: The role of anthropometric measures and psychological factors. Journal of Health Psychology14(7): 872–877.
7.
CostelloABOsborneJW (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation10: 1–9.
8.
CuzzolaroMVetroneGMaranoG. (2006) The body uneasiness test (BUT): Development and validation of a new body image assessment scale. Eating and Weight Disorders11: 1–13.
9.
DakanalisARivaG (2013) Current considerations for eating and body-related disorders among men. In: SamsLBKeelsJA (eds) Handbook on Body Image: Gender Differences, Sociocultural Influences and Health Implications. New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 195–216.
10.
DakanalisAClericiMCasliniM. (in press) Internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty and disordered eating behaviours: The role of body surveillance, shame, and social anxiety. Italian Journal of Psychopathology.
11.
DakanalisADi MatteiVEPagani BagliaccaE. (2012) Disordered eating behaviors among Italian men: Objectifying media and sexual orientation differences. Eating Disorders20(5): 356–367.
12.
DakanalisAZanettiMARivaG. (2015) Male body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: Moderating variables among men. Journal of Health Psychology20(1): 80–90.
13.
DottiALazzariR (1998) Validation and reliability of the Italian EAT-26. Eating and Weight Disorders3: 188–194.
14.
EpsteinJKlinkenbergWDWileyD. (2001) Insuring sample equivalence across internet and paper-and-pencil assessments. Computers in Human Behavior17: 339–346.
15.
FrederickDABuchananGMSadeghi-AzarL. (2007) Desiring the muscular ideal: Men’s body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity8: 103–117.
GroganS (2006) Body image and health: Contemporary perspectives. Journal of Health Psychology11: 523–530.
19.
HallsworthLWadeTTiggemannM (2005) Individual differences in male body-image: An examination of self-objectification in recreational body builders. British Journal of Health Psychology10: 453–465.
20.
HuLBentlerP (1999) Cut off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling6: 1–55.
LiimakkaS (2013) Distorted body images? Young adults negotiating body–healthy appearances motives. Journal of Health Psychology. Epub ahead of print, 2January2013. DOI: 10.1177/1359105312468189.
24.
McCabeMPFotuKDewesO (2011) Body image, weight loss and muscle building among Tongan adolescents in Tonga and New Zealand. Journal of Health Psychology16(7): 1101–1108.
25.
McCabeMPFuller-TyszkiewiczMMellorD. (2012) Body satisfaction among adolescents in eight different countries. Journal of Health Psychology7(5): 693–701.
26.
McCrearyDRHildebrandtTBHeinbergLJ. (2007) A review of body image influences on men’s fitness goals and supplement use. American Journal of Men’s Health1: 307–316.
27.
MakKKPangJSLaiCM. (2013) Body esteem in Chinese adolescents: Effect of gender, age, and weight. Journal of Health Psychology18(1): 46–54.
28.
MartinLMVildarga-PlumbJCTimkoCA (2012) Examining the relationship amongst varieties of interpersonal valuing and mindfulness processes in eating pathology. Mindfulness1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-012-0156-8.
29.
MartinsYTiggemannMKirkbrideA (2007) Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men’s body image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin33: 634–647.
30.
MorrisonTGMorrisonMA (2006) Psychometrics properties of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire (SMAQ). Body Image3: 131–144.
NeriniAMateraCPisaniE. (2011) Validation of an Italian version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) on boys. Counseling4: 195–208.
33.
OchnerCNGrayJABricknerK (2009) The development and initial validation of a new measure of male body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors10: 197–201.
34.
OlivardiaRPopeHBorowieckiJIII. (2004) Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men and Masculinity5: 112–120.
35.
PeneloEEspinozaPPortellM. (2012) Assessment of body image: Psychometric properties of the body image questionnaire. Journal of Health Psychology17(4): 556–566.
36.
PopeHGJrPhillipsKAOlivardiaR (2000) The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Image Obsession. New York: Free Press.
37.
PrezzaMTrombacciaFRArmentoL (1997) Italian validation of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Bulletin of Applied Psychology223: 35–44.
38.
SantarnecchiEDèttoreD (2012) Muscle dysmorphia in different degrees of bodybuilding activities: Validation of the Italian version of muscle dysmorphia disorder inventory and bodybuilder image grid. Body Image9: 396–403.
39.
ShomakerLBFurmanW (2010) A prospective investigation of interpersonal influences on the pursuit of muscularity in late adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Health Psychology15(3): 391–404.
40.
StanfordSCLembergR (2012) A clinical comparison of men and women on the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the Eating Disorder Assessment for Men (EDAM). Eating Disorders20(5): 379–394.
41.
SticeE (2002) Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin128: 825–848.
42.
StrotherELembergRStanfordSC. (2012) Eating disorders in men: Underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood. Eating Disorders20(5): 346–355.
TerraccianoAMcCraeRRCostaPT (2003) Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment19: 131–141.
45.
TodDMorrisonTGEdwardsC (2012) Psychometric properties of Yelland and Tiggemann’s Drive for muscularity scale. Body Image9: 421–424.
46.
Van de VijverFHambletonRK (1996) Translating tests: Some practical guidelines. European Psychologist1: 89–99.
47.
YanoverTThompsonJK (2010) Perceptions of health and attractiveness: The effects of body fat, muscularity, gender, and ethnicity. Journal of Health Psychology15(7): 1039–1048.
48.
YellandCTiggemannM (2003) Muscularity and the gay ideal: Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in homosexual men. Eating Behaviors4: 107–116.
