American Society of Echocardiography Report

O’Leary DH , Polak JF , Kronmal RA , Manolio TA , Burke GL , Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults . N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 14-22 .

Salonen JT , Salonen R. Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression . Circulation 1993; 87: II56-II65 .

Salonen JT , Salonen R. Arterial wall thickness, carotid atherosclerosis and the risk of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular stroke. In Touboul PJ , Crouse JR III , editors. Intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis: predicting the risk? New York: Parthenon Publishing Group ; 1997. p. 97-104.

Belcaro G , Nicolaides AN , Laurora G et al. Ultrasound morphology classification of the arterial wall and cardiovascular events in a 6-year follow-up study . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 851-856 .

Chambless LE , Heiss G , Folsom AR et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1993 . Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 483-494 .

Bots ML , Hoes AW , Koudstaal PJ , Hofman A , Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam study . Circulation 1997; 96: 1432-1437 .

Young W , Gofman JW , Tandy R , Malamud N , Waters ESG. The quantitation of atherosclerosis, III: the extent of correlation of degrees of atherosclerosis within and between the coronary and cerebral vascular beds . Am J Cardiol 1960; 6: 300-308 .

Mitchell JRA , Schwartz CJ. Relationship between arterial disease in different sites: a study of the aorta and coronary, carotid, and iliac arteries . Br Med J 1963; 1: 1293-1301 .

Mathur KS , Kashyap SK , Kumar V. Correlation of the extent and severity of atherosclerosis in the coronary and cerebral arteries . Circulation 1963; 27: 929-934 .

Craven TE , Ryu JE , Espeland MA et al. Evaluation of the associations between carotid artery atherosclerosis and coronary artery stenosis: a case-control study . Circulation 1990; 82: 1230-1242 .

Khoury Z , Schwartz R , Gottlieb S , Chenzbraun A , Stern S , Keren A. Relation of coronary artery disease to atherosclerotic disease in the aorta, carotid, and femoral arteries evaluated by ultrasound . Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 1429-1433 .

Lekakis JP , Papamichael CM , Cimponeriu AT et al. Atherosclerotic changes of extracoronary arteries are associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis . Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 949-952 .

Burke GL , Evans GW , Riley WA et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study . Stroke 1995; 26: 386-391 .

O’Leary DH , Polak JF , Wolfson SK Jr et al. Use of sonography to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study . Stroke 1991; 22: 1155-1163 .

Howard G , Sharrett AR , Heiss G et al. Carotid artery intimalmedial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound . Stroke 1993; 24: 1297-1304 .

Crouse JR III , Craven TE , Hagaman AP , Bond MG. Association of coronary disease with segment-specific intimal-medial thickening of the extracranial carotid artery . Circulation 1995; 92: 1141-1147 .

Stensland-Bugge E , Bønaa KH , Joakimsen O. Reproducibility of ultrasonographically determined intima-media thickness is dependent on arterial wall thickness: the Tromsø study . Stroke 1997; 28: 1972-1980 .

del Sol AI , Moons KGM , Hollander M et al. Is carotid intima-media thickness useful in cardiovascular disease risk assessment? The Rotterdam study . Stroke 2001; 32: 1532-1538 .

O’Leary DH , Polak JF , Kronmal RA et al. Distribution and correlates of sono-graphically detected carotid artery disease in the cardiovascular heath study . Stroke 1992; 23: 1752-1760 .

Ebrahim S , Papacosta O , Whincup P et al. Carotid plaque, intima media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors, and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women: the British regional heart study . Stroke 1999; 30: 841-850 .

Wagenknecht LE , D’Agostino R , Savage PJ , O’Leary DH , Saad MF , Haffner SM. Duration of diabetes and carotid wall thickness . Stroke 1997; 28: 999-1005 .

Pignoli P , Tremoli F , Poli A , Oreste P , Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging . Circulation 1986; 74: 1399-1406 .

Persson J , Formgren J , Israelsson B , Berglund G. Ultrasound-determined intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis . Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 261-264 .

Dwyer JH , Sun P , Kwong-Fu H , Dwyer KM , Selzer RH. Automated intima-media thickness: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study . Ultrasound Med Biol 1998; 24: 981-987 .

Wendelhag I , Liang Q , Gustavsson T , Wikstrand J. A new automated computerized analyzing system simplifies readings and reduces the variability in ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness . Stroke 1997; 28: 2195-2200 .

Saba PS , Roman MJ , Pini R , Ganau A , Devereux RB. Relation of carotid pressure waveform to left ventricular anatomy in normotensive subjects . J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1873-1880 .

Devereux RB , Waeber B , Roman MJ. Conclusions on the measurement of arterial wall thickness: anatomic, physiologic and methodologic considerations . J Hypertens 1992; 10: S119-S121 .

Tardy Y , Hayoz D , Mignot J-P , Richard P , Brunner HR , Meister J-J. Dynamic non-invasive measurements of arterial diameter and wall thickness . J Hypertens 1992; 10: S105-S109 .

Roman MJ , Pickering TG , Pini R , Schwartz JE , Devereux RB. Prevalence and determinants of cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in hypertension . Hypertension 1995; 26: 369-373 .

Urbina EM , Srinivasan SR , Tang R , Bond MG , Kieltyka L , Berenson GS. Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (the Bogalusa heart study) . Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 953-958 .

D’Agostino RB Jr , Burke G , O’Leary D et al. Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study . Stroke 1996; 27: 1744-1749 .

Roman MJ , Saba PS , Pini R et al. Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension . Circulation 1992; 86: 1909-1918 .

Roman MJ , Shanker B-A , Davis A et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus . N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2399-2406 .

Manzi S , Selzer F , Sutton-Tyrrell K et al. Prevalence and risk factors of carotid plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus . Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 51-60 .

Roman MJ , Pini R , Pickering TG , Devereux RB. Noninvasive measurements of arterial compliance in hypertensive compared with normotensive adults . J Hypertens 1992; 10: S115-S118 .

Salonen R , Seppänen K , Rauramaa R , Salonen JT. Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and serum cholesterol levels in Eastern Finland . Arteriosclerosis 1988; 8: 788-792 .

Li R , Duncan BB , Metcalf PA et al. B-mode-detected carotid artery plaque in a general population . Stroke 1994; 25: 2377-2383 .

Joakimsen O , Bønaa KH , Stensland-Bugge E. Reproducibility of ultrasound assessment of carotid plaque occurrence, thickness and morphology: the Tromsø study . Stroke 1997; 28: 2201-2207 .

Pini R , Cavallini C , Bencini F et al. Cardiovascular remodeling is greater in isolated systolic hypertension than in diastolic hypertension: the Insuffucuenza Cardiaca negli Anzianai Residenti (ICARe) a Dicomano study . J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1283-1289 .

Hollander M , Bots ML , del Sol AI et al. Carotid plaques increase the risk of stroke and subtypes of cerebral infarction in asymptomatic elderly: the Rotterdam study . Circulation 2002; 105: 2872-2877 .

Takiuchi S , Rakugi H , Honda K et al. Quantitative ultrasonic tissue characterization can identify high-risk atherosclerotic alteration in human carotid arteries . Circulation 2000; 102: 766-770 .

Lindner JR , Song J , Xu F et al. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes . Circulation 2000; 102: 2745-2750 .

Macioch JE , Katsamakis CD , Robin J et al. Effect of contrast enhancement on measurement of carotid artery intimal medial thickness . Vasc Med 2004; 9: 7-12 .

Prevention Conference V. Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention; noninvasive tests of atherosclerosis burden, writing group III . Circulation 2000; 101: e16-e16 .

Presented at the 34th Bethesda Conference, Bethesda, Maryland, October 7, 2002.

Roman MJ , Moeller E , Davis A et al. Preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence and associated factors . Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 249-256 .

Laurent S , Lacolley P , Brunel P , Laloux B , Pannier B , Safar M. Flow-dependent vasodilation of brachial artery in essential hypertension . Am J Physiol 1990; 258: H1004-H1011 .

Anderson EA , Mark AL. Flow-mediated and reflex changes in large peripheral artery tone in humans . Circulation 1989; 79: 93-100 .

Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Gooch VM et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis . Lancet 1992; 340: 1111-1115 .

Sorensen KE , Celermajer DS , Spiegelhalter DJ et al. Noninvasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility . Br Heart J 1995; 74: 247-253 .

Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Bull C , Robinson J , Deanfield JE. Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction . J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1468-1474 .

Stadler RW , Karl WC , Lees RS. New methods for arterial diameter measurement from B-mode images . Ultrasound Med Biol 1996; 22: 25-34 .

Hornig B , Kohler C , Drexler H. Role of bradykinin in mediating vascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in humans . Circulation 1997; 95: 1115-1118 .

Vogel RA , Corretti MC , Plotnick GD. Changes in flow-mediated brachial artery vasoactivity with lowering of desirable cholesterol levels in healthy middle-aged men . Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 37-40 .

Li J , Zhao SP , Li XP , Zhuo QC , Gao M , Lu SK. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension . Int J Cardiol 1997; 61: 165-169 .

Taddei S , Virdis A , Mattei P et al. Aging and endothelial function in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension . Circulation 1995; 91: 1981-1987 .

Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Georgakopoulos D et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults . Circulation 1993; 8: 2149-2155 .

McNally PG , Watt PAC , Rimmer T , Burden AC , Hearnshaw JR , Thurston H. Impaired contraction and endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated resistance vessels from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Clin Sci (Colch) 1994; 87: 31-36 .

Tawakol A , Rorbjorn O , Gerhard M , Wu JT , Creager MA. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans . Circulation 1997; 95: 1119-1121 .

Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Spiegelhalter DJ , Georgakopoulos D , Robinson J , Deanfield JE. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women . J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 471-476 .

Anderson TJ , Uehata A , Gerhard MD et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations . J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 1235-1241 .

Megnien JL , Simon A , Andriani A , Segond P , Jeannin S , Levenson J. Cholesterol lowering therapy inhibits the low-flow mediated vasoconstriction of the brachial artery in hypercholesterolemic subjects . Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 42: 187-193 .

Cohen JD , Drury JH , Ostdiek J et al. Benefits of lipid lowering on vascular reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease and average cholesterol levels: a mechanism for reducing clinical events? Am Heart J 2000; 139: 734-738 .

Plotnick GD , Corretti MC , Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal . JAMA 1997; 278: 1682-1686 .

Koh KK , Cardillo C , Bui MN et al. Vascular effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women . Circulation 1999; 99: 354-360 .

Wilmink HW , Banga JD , Hijmering M , Erkelens WD , Stroes ES , Rabelink TJ. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism on postprandial endothelial function . J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 140-145 .

Gokce N , Keaney JF Jr , Hunter LM , Watkins MT , Menzoian JO , Vita JA. Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via noninvasive assessment of endothelial function: a prospective study . Circulation 2002; 105: 1567-1572 .

Gokce N , Keaney JF , Hunter LM et al. Predictive value of noninvasively determined endothelial dysfunction for long-term cardiovascular events inpatients with peripheral vascular disease . J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1769-1775 .

Brevetti G , Silvestro A , Schiano V , Chiarello M. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk prediction in peripheral arterial disease: additive value of flow-mediated dilation to ankle-brachial pressure index . Circulation 2003; 108: 2093-2098 .

Modena MG , Bonetti L , Coppi F , Bursi F , Rossi R. Prognostic role of reversible endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive post-menopausal women . J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 505-510 .

Chan SY , Mancini GBJ , Kuramoto L , Schulzer M , Frohlich J , Ignaszewski A. The prognostic importance of endothelial dys-function and carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease . J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1037-1043 .

Perticone F , Ceravolo R , Pujia A et al. Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients . Circulation 2001; 104: 191-196 .

Fichtlscherer S , Rosenberger G , Walter DH et al. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease . Circulation 2000; 102: 1000-1006 .

Schachinger V , Britten MB , Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease . Circulation 2000; 101: 1899-1906 .

Halcox JP , Schenke WH , Zalos G et al. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction . Circulation 2002; 106: 653-658 .

Suwaidi JA , Hamasaki S , Higano ST , Nishimura RA , Holmes DR Jr , Lerman A. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction . Circulation 2000; 101: 948-954 .

Hollenberg SM , Klein LW , Parrillo JE et al. Coronary endothelial dysfunction after heart transplantation predicts allograft vasculopathy and cardiac death . Circulation 2001; 104: 3091-3096 .

Fathi R , Haluska B , Isbel N , Short L , Marwick TH. The relative importance of vascular structure and function in predicting cardiovascular events . J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: 616-623 .

Targonski PV , Bonetti PO , Pumper GM , Higano ST , Holmes DR , Lerman A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events . Circulation 2003; 107: 2805-2809 .

Malik J , Melenovsky V , Wichterle D et al. Both fenofibrate and atorvastatin improve vascular reactivity in combined hyperlipidemia (fenofibrate versus atorvastatin trial-FAT) . Cardiovasc Res 2001; 52: 290-298 .

Corretti MC , Anderson TJ , Benjamin EJ et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the international brachial artery reactivity task force . J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 257-265 .

Hashimoto M , Akishita M , Eto M et al. Modulation of endothelium-menstrual cycle . Circulation 1995; 92: 3431-3435 .

Uehata A , Lieberman EH , Gerhard MD et al. Noninvasive assessment of endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery . Vasc Med 1997; 2: 87-92 .

Corretti MC , Plotnick GD , Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound . Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H1397-H1404 .

Mannion TC , Vita JA , Keaney JF Jr , Benjamin EJ , Hunter L , Polak JF. Non-invasive assessment of brachial artery endothelial vasomotor function: the effect of cuff position on level of discomfort and vasomotor responses . Vasc Med 1998; 3: 263-267 .

Vogel RA , Corretti MC , Plotnick GD. A comparison of the assessment of flow-mediated brachial artery vasodilation using upper versus lower arm arterial occlusion in subjects with and without coronary risk factors . Clin Cardiol 2000; 23: 571-575 .

Duchame A , Dupuis J , McNicoll S , Harel F , Tardif JC. Comparison of nitroglycerin lingual spray and sublingual tablet on time of onset and duration of brachial artery vasodilation in normal subjects . Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 952-954, A8-A8 .

Vogel RA , Corretti MC , Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects . Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 35-44

Marchesi S , Lupattelli G , Schillaci G et al. Impaired flow-mediated vasoactivity during post-prandial phase in young healthy men . Atherosclerosis 2000; 153: 397-402 .

Katz DL , Nawaz H , Boukhalil J et al. Acute effects of oats and vitamin E on endothelial responses to ingested fat . Am J Prev Med 2001; 20: 124-129 .

Al-Khalili F , Eriksson M , Landgren BM , Schenck-Gustafsson K. Effect of conjugated estrogen on peripheral flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women . Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 215-218 .

Williams MRI , Westerman RA , Kingwell BA et al. Variations in endothelial function and arterial compliance during the menstrual cycle . J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5389-5395 .

Oflaz H , Ozbey N , Mantar F et al. Determination of endothelial function and early atherosclerotic changes in healthy obese women . Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003; 16: 176-181 .

Beller GA , Bonow RO , Fuster V et al. American College of Cardiology revised recommendations for training in adult cardiovascular medicine core cardiology training II (COCATS 2) (revision of the 1995 COCATS training statement) 2002. American College of Cardiology World Wide Web site. Available at http://www.acc.org/clinical/training/COCATS2.pdf. Accessed March 2002.