The Clinical Importance of Leucocyte and Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules in Inflammation

Springer T. A. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990; 346: 425–34.

Butcher E. C. Leukocyte–endothelial cell recognition: Three (or more) steps to specificity and diversity. Cell 1991; 67: 1033–36.

Lawrence M B Springer T. A. Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: Distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell 1991; 65: 859–73.

Von Andrian U H Chambers J D McEvoy L M Bargatze R F Arfors K-E Butcher E. C. Two-step model of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in inflammation: Distinct roles for LECAM-1 and the leukocyte β2 integrins in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7538–42.

Bargatze R F Butcher E. C. Rapid G protein-regulated activation event involved in lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 367–72.

Bevilacqua M. Butcher E. Furie B. . Selectins: A family of adhesion receptors. Cell 1991; 67: 233.

Watson M L Kingsmore S F Johnston G I . Genomic organization of the selectin family of leukocyte adhesion molecules on human and mouse chromosome 1. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 263–72.

Lasky L. A. Selectins: Interpreters of cell-specific carbohydrate information during inflammation. Science 1992; 258: 964–69.

Williams A. F. Out of equilibrium. Nature 1991; 352: 473–74.

Gallatin W M Weissman I L Butcher E. C. A cell-surface molecule involved in organ-specific homing of lymphocytes. Nature 1983; 304: 30–34.

Lewinsohn D M Bargatze R F Butcher E. C. Leukocyte–endothelial cell recognition: Evidence of a common molecular mechanism shared by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other leukocytes. J Immunol 1987; 138: 4313–21.

Watson S R Fennie C. Lasky L. A. Neutrophil influx into an inflammatory site inhibited by a soluble homing receptor–IgG chimaera. Nature 1991; 349: 164–67.

Hallmann R. Jutila M A Smith C W Anderson D C Kishimoto T K Butcher E. C. The peripheral lymph node homing receptor, LECAM-1, is involved in CD18-independent adhesion of human neutrophils to endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 174: 236–43.

Smith C W Kishimoto T K Abbass O. . Chemotactic factors regulate lectin adhesion molecule 1 (LECAM-1)-dependent neutrophil adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells in vitro. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 609–18.

Spertini O. Luscinskas F W Kansas G S . Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1, L-selectin) interacts with an inducible endothelial cell ligand to support leukocyte adhesion. J Immunol 1991; 147: 2565–73.

Spertini O. Luscinskas F W Gimbrone M A Jr Tedder T. F. Monocyte attachment to activated human vascular endothelium in vitro is mediated by leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (L-selectin) under nonstatic conditions. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1789–92.

Ley K. Gaehtgens P. Fennie C. Singer M S Lasky L A Rosen S. D. Lectin-like cell adhesion molecule 1 mediates leukocyte rolling in mesenteric venules in vivo. Blood 1991; 77: 2553–55.

Von Andrian U H Hansell P. Chambers J D . L-selectin function is required for β2-integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion at physiological shear rates in vivo. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: H1034–H1044.

Spertini O. Kansas G S Munro J M Griffin J D Tedder T. F. Regulation of leukocyte migration by activation of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) selectin. Nature 1991; 349: 691–94.

Kansas G S Ley K. Munro J M Tedder T. F. Regulation of leukocyte rolling and adhesion to high endothelial venules through the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 833–38.

Kishimoto T K Jutila M A Berg E L Butcher E. C. Neutrophil Mac-1 and MEL-14 adhesion proteins inversely regulated by chemotactic factors. Science 1989; 245: 1238–41.

Huang K. Geoffroy J S Singer M S Rosen S. D. A lymphocyte homing receptor (L-selectin) mediates the in vitro attachment of lymphocytes to myelinated tracts of the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1778–83.

Johnston G I Cook R G McEver R. P. Cloning of GMP-140, a granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelium: Sequence similarity to proteins involved in cell adhesion and inflammation. Cell 1989; 56: 1033–44.

Hsu-Lin S-C Berman C L Furie B C August D. Furie B. A platelet membrane protein expressed during platelet activation and secretion. Studies using a monoclonal antibody specific for thrombin-activated platelets. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 9799.

McEver R P Beckstead J H Moore K L Marshall-Carlson L. Bainton D. F. GMP-140, a platelet α-granule membrane protein, is also synthesized by vascular endothelial cells and is localized in Weibel–Palade bodies. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 92–99.

Geng J-G Bevilacqua M P Moore K L . Rapid neutrophil adhesion to activated endothelium mediated by GMP-140. Nature 1990; 343: 757–60.

Larsen E. Celi A. Gilbert G E . PADGEM protein: A receptor that mediates the interaction of activated platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Cell 1989; 59: 305–12.

Moore K L Thompson L. F. P-Selectin (CD62) binds to subpopulations of human memory T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186: 173–81.

Damle N K Klussman K. Dietsch M T Mohagheghpour N. Aruffo A. GMP-140 (P-selectin/CD62) binds to chronically stimulated but not resting CD4+ T lymphocytes and regulates their production of proinflammatory cytokines. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22: 1789–93.

Bevilcqua M P Stengelin S. Gimbrone M A Seed B. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1: An inducible receptor for neutrophils related to complement regulatory proteins and lectins. Science 1989; 243: 1160–64.

Kyan-Aung U. Haskard D O Poston R N Thornhill M H Lee T. H. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediate the adhesion of eosinophils to endothelial cells in vitro and are expressed by endothelium in allergic cutaneous inflammation in vivo. J Immunol 1991; 146: 521–28.

Bochner B S Luskinskas F W Gimbrone M A . Adhesion of human basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils to IL-1-activated human vascular endothelial cells: Contributions of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 1553–56.

Carlos T. Kovach N. Schwartz B. . Human monocytes bind to two cytokine-induced adhesive ligands on cultured human endothelial cells: Endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1991; 77: 2266–71.

Hakkert B C Kuijpers T W Leeuwenberg J F M Van Mourik J A Roos D. Neutrophil and monocyte adherence to and migration across monolayers of cytokine-activated endothelial cells: The contribution of CD18, ELAM-1, and VLA-4. Blood 1991; 78: 2721–26.

Graber N. Gopal T V Wilson D. Beall L D Polte T. Newman W. T cells bind to cytokine-activated endothelial cells via a novel, inducible sialoglycoprotein and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1. J Immunol 1990; 145: 819–30.

Shimizu Y. Shaw S. Graber N. . Activation-independent binding of human memory T cells to adhesion molecule ELAM-1. Nature 1991; 349: 799–802.

Picker L J Kishimoto T K Smith C W Warnock R A Butcher E. C. ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells. Nature 1991; 349: 796–99.

Picker L J Michie S A Rott L S Butcher E. C. A unique phenotype of skin-associated lymphocytes in humans. Preferential expression of the HECA-452 epitope by benign and malignant T cells at cutaneous sites. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1053–68.

Postigo A A Garcia-Vicuna R. Diaz-Gonzalez F. . Increased binding of synovial T lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis to endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1445–52.

Feizi T. Carbohydrate differentiation antigens: Probable ligands for cell adhesion molecules. Trends Biochem Sci 1991; 6: 333–35.

Foxall C. Watson S R Dowbenko D. . The three members of the selectin receptor family recognize a common carbohydrate epitope, the sialyl Lewisx oligosaccharide. J Cell Biol 1992; 117: 895–902.

Berg E L Magnani J. Warnock R A Robinson M K Butcher E C , Comparison of L-selectin and E-selectin ligand specificities: The L-selectin can bind the E-selectin ligands sialyl Lex and sialyl Lea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184: 1048–55.

Handa K. Nudelman E D Stroud M R Shiozawa T. Hakomori S. Selectin GMP-140 (CD62; PADGEM) binds to sialosyl-Lea and sialosyl-Lex and sulfated glycans modulate this binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 1223–30.

Polley M J Phillips M L Wayner E. . CD62 and endothelial cell–leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) recognize the same carbohydrate ligand, sialyl-Lewis x. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 6224–6228.

Zhou Q. Moore K L Smith D F Varki A. McEver R P Cummings R. D. The selectin GMP-140 binds to sialylated, fucosylated lactosaminoglycans on both myeloid and nonmyeloid cells. J Cell Biol 1991; 115: 557–64.

Aruffo A. Kolanus W. Walz G. Fredman P. Seed B. CD62/P-selectin recognition of myeloid and tumour cell sulfatides. Cell 1991; 67: 35–44.

Picker L J Warnock R A Burns A R Doerschuk C M Berg E L Butcher E. C. The neutrophil selectin LECAM-1 presents carbohydrate ligands to the vascular selectins ELAM-1 and GMP-140. Cell 1991; 66: 921–33.

Kuijpers T W Hoogerwerf M. Van der Laan L J W . CD66 nonspecific cross-reacting antigens are involved in neutrophil adherence to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 457–466.

Moore K L Stults N L Diaz S. . Identification of a specific glycoprotein ligand for P-selectin (CD62) on myeloid cells. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 445–56.

Berg E L Yoshino T. Rott L S . The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell–leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 1461–66.

Imai Y. Lasky L A Rosen S. D. Sulphation requirement for GlyCAM-1, an endothelial ligand for L-selectin. Nature 1993; 361: 555–57.

Baumhueter S. Singer M S Henzel W. . Binding of L-selectin to the vascular sialomucoin CD34 Science 1993; 262: 436–38.

Butcher E. C. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that direct leukocyte traffic. Am J Pathol 1990; 136 3–12.

Whyte A. Haskard D O Binns R. M. Infiltrating gamma delta T cells and selectin endothelial ligands in the cutaneous phytohaemagglutinin-induced inflammatory reaction in the pig. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994 (in press).

Lorant D E Patel K D McIntyre T M McEver R P Prescott S M Zimmerman G. A. Coexpression of GMP-140 and PAF by endothelium stimulated by histamine or thrombin: A juxtacrine system for adhesion and activation of neutrophils. J Cell Biol 1991; 115: 223–34.

Oppenheim J J Zachariae C O C Mukaida N. Matsushima K. Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene ‘intercrine’ cytokine family. Annu Rev Immunol 1991; 9: 617–48.

Huber A R Kunkel S L Todd R F III Weiss S. J. Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8. Science 1991; 254: 99–102.

Rot A. Endothelial cell binding of NAP-1/IL-8: Role in neutrophil emigration. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 291–94.

Tanaka Y. Adams D H Shaw S. Proteoglycans on endothelial cells present adhesion-inducing cytokines to leukocytes. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 111–14.

Hogg N. Bennett R. Cabañas C. Dransfield I. Leukocyte integrin activation. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 613–16.

Hynes R. O. Integrins: Versatility, modulation and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992; 69: 11–25.

Arnaout M. A. Structure and function of the leukocyte adhesion molecules CD11/CD18. Blood 1990; 75: 1037–50.

Simmons D. Makgoba M W Seed B. ICAM-1, an adhesion ligand of LFA-1, is homologous to the neural cell adhesion molecule. NCAM Nature 1988; 331: 624–27.

Staunton D E Marlin S D Stratova C. Dustin M L Springer T. A. Primary structure of ICAM-1 demonstrates interaction between members of the immunoglobulin and integrin supergene families. Cell 1988; 52: 925–33.

Staunton D E Dustin M L Springer T. A. Functional cloning of ICAM-2, a cell adhesion ligand for LFA-1 homologous to ICAM-1. Nature 1989; 339: 61–64.

De Fougerolles A R Stacker S A Schwarting R. Springer T. A. Characterization of ICAM-2 and evidence for a third counter-receptor for LFA-1. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 253–67.

De Fougerolles A R Springer T. A. Intercellular adhesion molecule 3, a third adhesion counter-receptor for lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1 on resting lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 185–90.

Fawcett J. Holness C L L Needham L A . Molecular cloning of ICAM-1, a third ligand for LFA-1, constitutively expressed on resting leukocytes. Nature 1992; 360: 481–84.

Vazeux R. Hoffman P A Tomita J K . Cloning and characterization of a new intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-R. Nature 1992; 360: 485–88.

Diamond M S Staunton D E De Fougerolles A R . ICAM-1 (CD54): A counter-receptor for Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). J Cell Biol 1990; 111: 3129–39.

Wright S D Rao P E Van Voorhis W C . Identification of the C3bi receptor of human monocytes and macrophages by using monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 5699–703.

Myones B L Daizell J G Hogg N. Ross G. D. Neutrophil and monocyte cell surface P150.95 has iC3b-receptor (CR4) activity resembling CR3. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 640–51.

Nathan C. Srimal S. Farber C. . Cytokine-induced respiratory burst of human neutrophils: Dependence on extracellular matrix proteins and CD11/CD18 integrins. J Cell Biol 1989; 109: 1341–49.

Van Noesel C. Miedema F. Brouwer M. De Rie M A Aarden L A Van Lier R. A. W. Regulatory properties of LFA-1α and β chains in human T-lymphocyte activation. Nature 1988; 333: 859–52.

Harlan J M Killen P D Senecal F A M . The role of neutrophil membrane glycoprotein GP-150 in neutrophil adherence ot endothelium in vitro. Blood 1985; 66: 167–78.

Tonneson M G Anderson D C Springer T A Knedler A. Avdi N. Henson P. M. Adherence of neutrophils to cultured human microvascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 637–46.

Wallis W J Beatty P G Ochs H D Harlan J. M. Human monocyte adherence to cultured vascular endothelium: Monoclonal antibody-defined mechanisms. J Immunol 1985; 135: 2323–30.

Keizer G D Te Velde A. Schwarting R. Figdor C G De Vries J. E. Role of p150,95 in adhesion, migration, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of human monocytes. Eur J Immunol 1987; 17: 1317–22.

Bochner B S Peachell P T Brown K E Schleimer R. P. Adherence of basophils to cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1355–64.

Lamas A M Mulroney C M Schleimer R. P. Studies on the adhesive interaction between purified human eosinophils and cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 1988; 140: 1500–505.

Haskard D O Cavender D E Beatty P. Springer T A Ziff M. T cell adhesion to endothelial cells: Mechanisms demonstrated by anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1986; 137: 2901–906.

Anderson D C Schmalstieg F. Finegold M J . The severe and moderate phenotypes of heritable Mac-1, LFA-1 deficiency: Their quantitative definition and relation to leukocyte dysfunction and clinical features. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 668–89.

Rüegg C. Postigo A A Sikorski E E Butcher E C Pytela R. Erle D. J. Role of integrin α4β7/α4βP in lymphocyte adherence of fibronectin and VCAM-1 and in homotypic cell clustering. J Cell Biol 1992; 117: 179–89.

Chan B M Elices M J Murphy E. Hemler M. E. Adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin. Comparison of alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) and alpha 4 beta 7 on the human B cell line JY. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 8366–70.

Williams A F Barclay A. N. The immunoglobulin superfamily-domains for cell surface recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 1988; 6: 381–405.

Dustin M L Rothlein R. Bhan A K Dinarello C A Springer T. A. Induction by IL-1 and interferon gamma: Tissue distribution, biochemistry and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1). J Immunol 1986; 137: 245–54.

Staunton D E Dustin M L Erickson H P Springer T. A. The arrangement of the immunoglobulin-like domains of ICAM-1 and the binding sites for LFA-1. Cell 1990; 61: 243–54.

Diamond M S Staunton D E Marlin S D Springer T. A. Binding of the integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) to the third imunoglobulin-like domain of ICAM-1 (CD54) and its regulation by glycosylation. Cell 1991; 65: 961–71.

Nortamo P. Li R. Renkonen R. Timonen T. . The expression of human intercellular adhesion molecule-2 is refractory to inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 2629–32.

De Fougerolles A R Klickstein L B Springer T. A. Cloning and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 3 reveals strong homology to other immunoglobulin family counter-receptors for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 1187–92.

Rice G E Bevilacqua M. P. An inducible endothelial cell surface glycoprotein mediates melanoma adhesion. Science 1989; 246: 1303–306.

Thornhill M. Wellicome S M Mahiouz D L Lanchbury J S S Kyan-Aung U. Haskard D. O. Tumor necrosis factor combines with IL-4 or IFN-γ to selectively enhance endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells: The contribution of VCAM-1 dependent and independent binding mechanisms. J Immunol 1991; 146: 592–98.

Osborn L. Hession C. Tizard R. . Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell 1989; 59: 1203–211.

Hession C. Tizard R. Vassallo C. . Cloning of an alternate form of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1). J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 6682–85.

Vonderheide R H Springer T. A. Lymphocyte adhesion through very late antigen 4: Evidence for a novel binding site in the alternatively spliced domain of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and an additional α4 integrin counter-receptor on stimulated endothelium. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1433–42.

Osborn L. Vassallo C. Benjamin C. D. Activated endothelium binds lymphocytes through a novel binding site in the alternatively spliced domain of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 99–107.

Elices M J Osborn L. Takada Y. . VCAM-1 on activated endothelium interacts with the leukocyte integrin VLA-4 at a site distinct from the VLA-4/fibronectin binding site. Cell 1990; 60: 577–84.

Smith C W Rothlein R. Hughes B. Mariscalco M. Schmalstieg F. Anderson D. C. Recognition of an endothelial determinant for CD18-dependent neutrophil adherence and transendothelial migration. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1746–56.

Furie M B Tancinco M C A Smith C. W. Monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte integrins CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibit chemoattractant-stimulated neutrophil transendothelial migration in vitro. Blood 1991; 78: 2089–97.

Van Epps D E Potter J. Vachula M. Smith C W Anderson D. C. Suppression of human lymphocyte chemotaxis and transendothelial migration by anti-LFA-1 antibody. J Immunol 1989; 143: 3207–10.

Kavanaugh A F Lightfoot E. Lipsky P E Oppenheimer-Marks N. Role of CD11/CD18 in adhesion and transendothelial migration of T cells: Analysis utilizing CD18-deficient T cell clones. J Immunol 1991; 146: 4149–56.

Oppenheimer-Marks N. Davis L S Bogue D T Ramberg J. Lipsky P. E. Differential utilization of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 during the adhesion and transendothelial migration of human T lymphocytes J Immunol 1991; 147: 2913–21.

Newman P J Berendt M C Gorski J. . PEC AM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Science 1990; 247: 1219–22.

Muller W A Ratti C M McDonnell S L Cohn Z. A. A human endothelial cell-restricted, externally disposed plasmalemmal protein enriched in intercellular junctions. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 399–414.

Albelda S M Oliver P D Romer L H Buck C. A. EndoCAM: A novel cell–cell adhesion molecule. J Cell Biol 1990; 110: 1227–37.

Ohto H. Maeda H. Shibata Y. . A novel leukocyte differentiation antigen: Two monoclonal antibodies TM2 and TM3 define a 120-kd molecule present on neutrophils, monocytes, platelets and activated lymphoblasts. Blood 1985; 66: 873–81.

Tanaka Y. Albelda S M Horgan K J . CD31 expressed on distinctive T cell subsets is a preferential amplifier of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 245–53.

Muller W A Weigl S A Deng X. Phillips D. M. PECAM-1 is required for transendothelial migration of leukocytes. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 449–60.

Vaporciyan A A DeLisser H M Yan H-C . Involvement of platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in neutrophil recruitment in vivo. Science 1993; 262: 1580–82.

Hattori R. Hamilton K K Fugate R D McEver R D Sims P. J. Stimulated secretion of endothelial von Willebrand factor is accompanied by rapid redistribution to the cell surface of the intracellular granule membrane protein GMP-140. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 7768–71.

Hattori R. Hamilton K K McEver R P Sims P. J. Complement proteins C5b–9 induce secretion of high molecular weight multimers of endothelial von Willebrand factor and translocation of granule membrane protein GMP-140 to the cell surface. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 9053–60.

Patel K D Zimmerman G A Prescott S M McEver R P McIntyre T. M. Oxygen radicals induce human endothelial cells to express GMP-140 and bind neutrophils. J Cell Biol 1991; 112: 749–59.

Pober J S Bevilacqua M P Mendrick D L Lapierre L A Fiers W. Gimbrone M. A. Two distinct monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, each independently induce the biosynthesis and transient expression of the same antigen on the surface of cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 1986; 136: 1680–87.

Pober J S Gimbrone M A Lapierre L A . Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin 1, tumour necrosis factor and immune interferon. J Immunol 1986; 137: 1893–96.

Wellicome S M Thornhill M H Pitzalis C. . A monoclonal antibody that detects a novel antigen on endothelial cells that is induced by tumor necrosis factor, IL-1 or lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 1990; 144: 2558–65.

Shankar R. De la Motte C A DiCorleto P. E. 3-Deazaadenosine inhibits thrombin-stimulated platelet-derived growth factor production and endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule-1-mediated monocytic cell adhesion in human aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 9376–82.

Brizzi M F Garbarino G. Rossi P R . Interleukin 3 stimulates proliferation and triggers endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 gene activation of human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2887–92.

Lo S K Janakidevi K. Lai L. Malik A. B. Hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in endothelial adhesiveness is dependent on ICAM-1 activation. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: L406–L412.

Bradley J R Johnson D R Pober J. S. Endothelial activation by hydrogen peroxide. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 1598–609.

Kume N. Cybulsky M I Gimbrone M A Jr . Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1138–44.

Thornhill M H Haskard D. O. IL-4 regulates endothelial activation by IL-1, tumor necrosis factor or IFN-γ. J Immunol 1990; 145: 865–72.

Dustin M L Springer T. A. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) interaction with inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is one of at least three mechanisms for lymphocyte adhesion to cultured endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1988; 107: 321–31.

Doukas J. Pober J. S. IFN-γ enhances endothelial activation induced by tumor necrosis factor but not IL-1. J Immunol 1990; 145: 1727–33.

Leeuwenberg J F M Von Asmuth E J U Jeunhomme T M A A Buurman W. A. Interferon-gamma regulates the expression of an adhesion molecule ELAM-1 and IL-6 by human endothelial cells in vitro. J Immunol 1990; 145: 2110–14.

Paleolog E M Aluri G R Feldmann M. Contrasting effects of interferon γ and interleukin-4 on responses of human vascular endothelial cells to tumour necrosis factor α. Cytokine 1992; 4: 470–78.

De Martin R. Vanhove B. Cheng Q. . Cytokine-inducible expression in endothelial cells of an IkappaBα-like gene is regulated by NFkappaB. EMBO J 1993; 12: 2773–79.

Gamble J R Vadas M. A. Endothelial adhesiveness for blood neutrophils is inhibited by transforming growth factor beta. Science 1988; 242: 97–99.

Gamble J R Vadas M. A. Endothelial cell adhesiveness for human T lymphocytes is inhibited by transforming factor-β1. J Immunol 1991; 146: 1149–54.

Gamble J R Khew-Goodall Y. Vadas M. A. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits E-selectin expression on human endothelial cells. J Immunol 1993; 150: 4494–503.

Swerlick R A Lee K H Li L-J Sepp N T Caughman S W Lawley T. J. Regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. J Immunol 1992; 149: 698–705.

Gerritsen M E Kelley K A Ligon G. . Regulation of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in cultured human endothelial cells derived from rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 593–602.

Petzelbauer P. Bender J R Wilson J. Pober J. S. Heterogeneity of dermal microvascular endothelial cell antigen expression and cytokine responsiveness in situ and in cell culture. J Immunol 1993; 151: 5062–72.

Ley K. Gaehtgens P. Endothelial, not hemodynamic, differences are responsible for preferential leukocyte rolling in rat mesenteric venules. Circ Res 1991; 69: 1034–41.

Smith M E F Thomas J. A. Cellular expression of lymphocyte function associated antigens and the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in normal tissue. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 893–900.

Rice G E Munro J M Corless C. Bevilacqua M. P. Vascular and nonvascular expression of INCAM-110: A target for mononuclear leukocyte adhesion in normal and inflamed human tissues. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 385–93.

Cotran R S Gimbrone M A Bevilacqua M P Mendrick D L Pober J. S. Induction and detection of a human endothelial activation antigen in vivo. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 661–66.

Goerdt S. Zwadlo G. Schlegel R. Hagemeier H-H Sorg C. Characterization and expression kinetics of an endothelial cell activation antigen in vivo present only in acute inflammatory diseases. Exp Cell Biol 1987; 55: 117–26.

Redl H. Dinges H P Buurman W A . Expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) in septic but not traumatic/hypovolaemic shock in the baboon. Am J Pathol 1991; 139: 461–66.

Drake T A Cheng J. Chang A. Taylor F B Jr . Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsis. M J Pathol 1993; 142: 1458–70.

Engelberts I. Samyo S K Leeuwenberg J F M Van der Linden C J Buurman W. A. A role for ELAM-1 in the pathogenesis of MOF during septic shock. J Surg Res 1992; n53: 136–44.

Fries J W U Williams A J Atkins R C Newman W. Lipscomb M F Collins T. Expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in an in vivo model of endothelial activation. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 725–37.

Keelan E T M Licence S T Peters A M Binns R M Haskard D. O. Characterization of E-selectin in vivo using a radiolabelled monoclonal antibody. Am J Physiol 1994 (in press).

Vejlsgaard G L Ralfkiaer E. Avnstorp C. Czajkowski M. Marlin S D Rothlein R. Kinetics and characterization of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on keratinocytes in various inflammatory skin lesions and malignant cutaneous lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 782–90.

Singer K H Tuck D T Sampson H A Hall R. P. Epidermal keratinocytes express the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in inflammatory dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92: 746–50.

Groves R W Allen M H Haskard D O Barker J N W N MacDonald D. M. Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression in cutaneous inflammation. Br J Dermatol 1991; 124: 117–23.

Wantzin Lange G. Ralfkiaer E. Lisby S. Rothlein R. The role of intercellular adhesion molecules in inflammatory skin conditions. Br J Dermatol 1988; 119: 141–45.

Sullivan L. Sano S. Pirmez C. . Expression of adhesion molecules in leprosy lesions. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 4154–60.

Cotran R S Pober J S Gimbrone M A . Endothelial activation during interleukin 2 immunotherapy: A possible mechanism for the vascular leak syndrome. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1883–88.

Claman H N Giorno R C Weibold J. R. Endothelial and fibroblastic activation in scleroderma: The myth of the ‘uninvolved skin’. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1495–501.

Majewski S. Hunzelmann N. Johnson J P . Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the skin of patients with systemic scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97: 667–71.

Sollberg S. Peltonen J. Uitto J. Jimenez S. A. Elevated expression of β1 and B2 integrins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis of recent onset. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 290–98.

Gruschwitz M. Von-Den-Driesch P. Kellner I. Hornstein O P Sterry W. Expression of adhesion proteins involved in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions in the skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27: 169–77.

Leung D Y M Cotran R S Kurt-Jones E. Burns J C Newburger J W Pober J. S. Endothelial activation and high interleukin-1 secretion in the pathogenesis of acute Kawasaki disease. Lancet 1989; ii: 1298–302.

Norton J. Sloane J P Al-Saffar N. Haskard D. O. Vessel associated adhesion molecules in normal skin and acute cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 586–91.

Norris P. Barker J N W N MacDonald D M Haskard D O Hawk J. Adhesion molecule expression in polymorphic light eruption. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 504–508.

Engelberts I. Van Hoof S C J Samyo S K Buurman W A Van der Linden C. J. Generalized inflammation during peritonitis evidenced by intracutaneous E-selectin expression. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 65: 330–34.

Seron D. Cameron J S Haskard D. O. Expression of VCAM-1 in the normal and diseased kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6: 917–22.

Chow J. Hartley R B Jagger C. Dilly S. A. ICAM-1 expression in renal disease. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 880–84.

Bishop G A Hall B. M. Expression of leukocyte and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in the human kidney. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 1078–85.

Lhotta K. Neumayer H P Joannides M. Geisser D. Konig P. Renal expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in different forms of glomerulonephritis. Clin Sci 1991; 81: 477–81.

Mulligan M S Johnson K J Todd R F III . Requirements for leukocyte adhesion molecules in nephrotoxic nephritis. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 577–87.

Wuthrich R P Jevnikar A M Takei F. Glimcher L H Kelley V. E. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression is upregulated in autoimmune murine lupus nephritis. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 441–50.

Harning R. Pelletier J. Van G. Takei F. Merluzzi V. J. Monoclonal antibody to MALA-2 (ICAM-1) reduces acute autoimmune nephritis in kdkd mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 64: 129–34.

Faull R J Russ G. R. Tubular expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) during renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 1989; 48: 227–30.

Fuggle S V Sanderson J B Gray D W R Richardson A. Morris P. J. Variation in expression of endothelial adhesion molecules in pretransplant and transplanted kidneys — correlation with intragraft events. Transplantation 1993; 55: 117–23.

Brockmeyer C. Ulbrecht M. Schendel D J . Distribution of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, ELAM-1) in renal tissue during allograft rejection. Transplantation 1993; 55: 610–15.

Cosimi A B Conti D. Delmonico F L . In vivo effects of monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 (CD54) in nonhuman primates with renal allografts. J Immunol 1990; 144: 4604–12.

Kanagawa K. Ishikura H. Takahashi . Identification of ICAM-1-positive cells in the nongrafted and transplanted rat kidney — an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Transplantation 1991; 52: 1057–62.

Montefort S. Roche W R Howarth P H . Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression in the bronchial mucosa of normal and asthmatic subjects. Eur Resp J 1992; vmr-5: 815–23.

Wegner C D Gundel R H Reilly P. Haynes N. Letts L G Rothlein R. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Science 1990; 247: 456–59.

Gundel R H Wegner C D Torcellini C A . Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 mediates antigen-induced acute airway inflammation and late-phase airway obstruction in monkeys. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1407–11.

Montefort S. Feather I H Wison S J . The expression of leucocyte–endothelial adhesion molecules is increased in perennial allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7: 393–98.

Van Dinther-Janssen A C H M Van Maarsseveen T C M T Eckert H. Newman W. Meijer C. J. L. M. Identical expression of ELAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in sarcoidosis and usual interstitial pneumonitis. J Pathol 1993; 170: 157–64.

Mulligan M S Varani J. Dame M K . Role of endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) in neutrophil-mediated lung injury in rats. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1396–406.

Lo S K Everitt J. Gu J. Malik A. B. Tumor necrosis factor mediates experimental pulmonary edema by ICAM-1 and CD18-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 981–88.

Shreeniwas R. Koga S. Karakurum M. . Hypoxia-mediated induction of endothelial cell interleukin-1α. An autocrine mechanism promoting expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vessel surface. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2333–39.

Wegner C D Wolyniec W W LaPlante A M . Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 contributes to pulmonary oxygen toxicity in mice: Role of leukocytes revised. Lung 1992; 170: 267–79.

Moughal N A Adonogianaki E. Thornhill M H Kinane D. F. Endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in gingival tissue during health and experimentally-induced gingivitis. J Periodont Res 1992; 27: 723–30.

Malizia G. Calabrese A. Cottone M. . Expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules by mucosal mononuclear phagocytes in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 150–59.

Koizumi M. King N. Lobb R. Benjamin C. Podolsky D. K. Expression of vascular adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 840–47.

Ohtani H. Nakamura S. Watanabe Y. . Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 in inflammatory bowel disease. Morphological evidence of active synthesis and secretion into vascular lumen. Virchows Arch [A] 1992; 420: 403–409.

Nakamura S. Ohtani H. Watanabe Y. . In situ expression of the cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence of immunologic activation of vascular endothelial cells. Lab Invest 1993; 69: 77–85.

Norton J. Sloane J P Al-Saffar N. Haskard D. O. Expression of adhesion molecules in human gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87: 231–36.

Roy J. Platt J L Weisdorf D. J. The immunopathology of upper gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. Lymphoid cells and endothelial adhesion molecules. Transplantation 1993; 55: 572–78.

Hubscher S G Adams D. H. ICAM-1 expression in normal liver. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 438–39.

Steinhoff G. Behrend M. Schrader B. Duijvestijn A M Wonigeit K. Expression patterns of leukocyte adhesion ligand molecules on human liver endothelia. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 481–88.

Adams D H Hubscher S G Shaw J. Rothlein R. Neuberger J. M. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on liver allografts rejection. Lancet 1989; ii: 1122–25.

Steinhoff G. Behrend M. Schrader B. Pichlmayr R. Intercellular immune adhesion molecules in human liver transplants: Overview on expression patterns of leukocyte receptor and ligand molecules. Hepatology 1993; 18: 440–53.

Bacchi C E Marsh C L Perkins J D . Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in liver and pancreas allograft rejection. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 579–91.

Omura T. Ishikura H. Nakajima Y. . The expression of LFA-1/ICAM-1 in liver transplantation in rats. Transplant Proc 1992; 24: 1618–19.

Volpes R. Van den Oord J J Desmet V. J. Immunohistochemical study of adhesion molecules in liver inflammation. Hepatology 1990; 12: 59–65.

Volpes R. Van den Oord J J Desmet V. J. Vascular adhesion molecules in acute and chronic liver inflammation. Hepatology 1992; IS: 269–75.

Malizia G. Dino O. Pisa R. . Expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 749–55.

Horiike N. Onji M. Kumon I. Kanaoka M. Michitaka K. Ohta Y. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on the hepatocyte membrane of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Liver 1993; 13: 10–14.

Burra P. Hubscher S G Shaw J. Elias E. Adams D. H. Is the intercellular adhesion molecule-1/leukocyte function associated antigen 1 pathway of leukocyte adhesion involved in the tissue damage of alcoholic hepatitis. Gut 1992; 33: 268–71.

Hänninen A. Jalkanen S. Salmi M. Toikkanen S. Nikolakaros G. Simell O. Macrophages, T cell receptor usage and endothelial cell activation in the pancreas at the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1901–10.

St. Clair E W Angellilo J C Singer K. H. Expression of cell-adhesion molecules in the salivary gland microenvironment of Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 62–66.

Saito I. Terauchi K. Shimuta M. . Expression of cell adhesion molecules in the salivary and lacrimal glands of Sjogren's syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 1993; 7: 180–87.

Briscoe D M Schoen F J Rice G E Bevilacqua M P Ganz P. Pober J. S. Induced expression of endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecules in human cardiac allografts. Transplantation 1991; 51: 537–39.

Page C. Rose M. Yacoub M. Pigott R. Antigenic heterogeneity of vascular endothelium. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 673–83.

Taylor P M Rose M L Yacoub M H Pigott R. Induction of vascular adhesion molecules during rejection of human cardiac allografts. Transplantation 1992; 54: 451–57.

Ferran C. Peuchmaur M. Desruennes M. . Implications of de novo ELAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in human cardiac allograft rejection. Transplantation 1993; 55: 605–609.

Ruan X M Qiao J H Trento A. Czer L S Blanche C. Fishbein M. C. Cytokine expression and endothelial cell and lymphocyte activation in human cardiac allograft rejection: An immunohistochemical study of endomyocardial biopsy samples. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11: 1110–15.

Qiao J H Ruan X M Trento A. Czer L S Blanche C. Fishbein M. C. Expression of cell adhesion molecules in human cardiac allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11: 920–25.

Pelletier R P Ohye R G Vanbuskirk A. . Importance of endothelial VCAM-1 for inflammatory leukocytic infiltration in vivo J Immunol 1992; 149: 2473–81.

Pelletier R P Morgan C J Sedmak D D . Analysis of inflammatory endothelial changes, including VCAM-1 expression, in murine cardiac grafts. Transplantation 1993; 55: 315–20.

Kukielka G L Hawkins H K Michael L. . Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in ischemic and reperfused canine myocardium. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1504–16.

Yamazaki T. Seko Y. Tamatani T. . Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rat heart with ischemia/reperfusion and limitation of infarct size by treatment with antibodies against cell adhesion molecules. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 410–18.

Seko Y. Matsuda H. Kato K. . Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 132–36.

Poston R N Haskard D O Coucher J R Gall N P Tidey R. R. Expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1 in atherosclerotic plaques: Implications for positive-feedback monocyte recruitment in the pathogenesis of the plaque. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 665–73.

Van der Wal A C Das P K Tigges A J Becker A. E. Adhesion molecules on the endothelium and mononuclear cells in human atherosclerotic lesions Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1427–33.

O'Brien K D Allen M D McDonald T O . Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Implications for the mode of progression of advanced coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 945–51.

Printseva O Y Peclo M M Gown A. M. Various cell types in human atherosclerotic lesions express ICAM-1: Further immunocytochemical and immunochemical studies employing monocloncal antibody 10F3. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 889–96.

Wood K M Cadogan M D Ranshaw A L Parums D. V. The distribution of adhesion molecules in human atherosclerosis. Histopathology 1993; 22: 437–44.

Cybulsky M I Gimbrone M. A. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 1991; 251: 788–91.

Li H. Cybulsky M I Gimbrone M A Jr Libby P. An atherogenic diet rapidly induces VCAM-1, a cytokine-regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 197–204.

Wawryk S O Ayberk H. Boyd A W Rode J. Analysis of adhesion molecules in the immunopathogenesis of giant cell arteritis. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 497–501.

Fairburn K. Kunaver M. Wilkinson L S Cambridge G. Haskard D O Edwards J. C. W. Intercellular adhesion molecules in normal synovium. Br J Rheumatol 1992; 32: 302–306.

Hale L P Martin M E McCollum D E . Immunohistologic analysis of the distribution of cell adhesion molecules within the inflammatory synovial microenvironment. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 22–30.

Koch A E Burrows J C Haines G K Carlos T M Harlan J M Leibovich S. J. Immunolocalization of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules in human rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial tissues. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 313–20.

Corkill M M Kirkham B W Haskard D O Barbatis C. Gibson T. Panayi G. S. Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis decreases synovial expression of the endothelial leukocyte adhesion receptor ELAM-1. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1453–60.

Wilkinson L S Poston R N Edwards J. Haskard D. O. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in normal and inflamed synovium. Lab Invest 1993; 68: 82–88.

Van Dinther-Janssen A C H M Horst E. Koopman G. . The VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathway is involved in lymphocyte adhesion to endothelium in rheumatoid synovium. J Immunol 1991; 147: 4207–10.

Grober J S Bowen B L Ebling H. . Monocyte–endothelial adhesion in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. In situ detection of selectin- and integrin-dependent interactions. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2609–19.

Johnson B A Haines G K Harlow L A Koch A. E. Adhesion molecule expression in human synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 137–146.

Veale D. Yanni G. Rogers S. Barnes L. Bresnihan B. FitzGerald O. Reduced synovial membrane macrophage numbers, ELAM-1 expression, and lining layer hyperplasia in psoriatic arthritis as compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 893–900.

Miyazaki A. Mirakian R. Bottazzo G. F. Adhesion molecule expression in Graves' thyroid glands; potential relevance of granule membrane protein (GMP-140) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the homing and antigen presentation processes. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89: 52–57.

Bagnasco M. Caretto A. Olive D. Pedini B. Canonica G W Berrerle C. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on thyroid epithelial cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis but not in Graves' disease or papillary thyroid cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83: 309–13.

Sobel R A Mitchell M E Fondren G. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cellular immune reactions in the human central nervous system. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1309–16.

Porta J. Carota A. Pizzolato G P . Immunopathological changes in human cerebral malaria. Clin Neuropathol 1993; 12: 142–46.

Wilcox C E Ward A M Evans A. Baker D. Rothlein R. Turk J. L. Endothelial cell expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the central nervous system of guinea pigs during acute and chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1990; 30: 43–51.

O'Neill J K Butter C. Baker D. . Expression of vascular addressins and ICAM-1 by endothelial cells in the spinal cord during chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi AB/H mouse. Immunology 1991; 72: 520–25.

Cannella B. Cross A H Raine C. S. Upregulation and coexpression of adhesion molecules correlate with relapsing autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 1521–24.

Cannella B. Cross A H Raine C. S. Adhesion-related molecules in the central nervous system: Upregulation correlates with inflammatory cell influx during relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Lab Invest 1991; 65: 23–31.

Raine C S Cannella B. Duijvestijn A M Cross A. H. Homing to central nervous system vasculature by antigen-specific lymphocytes: II. Lymphocyte/endothelial cell adhesion during the initial stages of autoimmune demyelination. Lab Invest 1990; 63: 476–89.

Dore-Duffy P. Washington R. Dragovic L. Expression of endothelial cell activation antigens in microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 331: 243–48.

Lewis R E Buchsbaum M. Whitaker D. Murphy G. F. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the evolving human cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reaction. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 672–77.

Norris P. Poston R N Thomas D S Thornhill M. Hawk J. Haskard D. O. The expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in experimental cutuneous inflammation: A comparison of ultraviolet- B erythema and delayed hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96: 763–70.

Rice G E Munro J M Bevilacqua M. P. Inducible cell adhesion molecule 110 (INCAM-110) is an inducible endothelial cell receptor for lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1990; 171: 1369–74.

Waldorf H A Walsh L J Schechter N M Murphy G. F. Early cellular events in evolving cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in humans. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 477–86.

Leung D Y M Pober J S Cotran R. S. Expression of endothelial–leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in elicited late phase allergic reactions. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1805–809.

Barker J N W N Allen M H MacDonald D. M. The effect of in vivo interferon-gamma on the distribution of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 439–42.

Groves R W Ross E L Barker J N W N MacDonald D. M. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: Expression in normal and diseased skin and regulation in vivo by interferon gamma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 67–72.

Munro J M Pober J S Cotran R. S. Tumor necrosis factor and interferon-γ induce distinct patterns of endothelial activation and associated leukocyte accumulation in skin of Papio anubis. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 121–33.

Briscoe D M Cotran R S Pober J. S. Effects of tumor necrosis factor, lipopolysaccharide and IL-4 on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in vivo: Correlation with CD3+ T cell infiltration. J Immunol 1992; 149: 2954–60.

Groves R W Ross E. Barker J N W N Ross J S Camp R D R MacDonald D. M. Effect of in vivo interleukin-1 on adhesion molecule expression in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98: 384–87.

Munro J M Pober J S Cotran R. S. Recruitment of neutrophils in the local endotoxin response: Association with de novo endothelial expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 295–98.

Messadi D V Pober J S Fiers W. Gimbrone M A Murphy G. F. Induction of an activation antigen on postcapillary venular endothelium in human skin organ culture. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1557–62.

Ioffreda M D Albelda S M Elder D E . TNFα induces E-selectin expression and PECAM-1 (CD31) redistribution in extracutaneous tissues. Endothelium 1993; 1: 47–54.

Yan H-C Juhasz I. Pilewski J. Murphy G F Herlyn M. Albelda S. M. Human/severe combined immunodeficient mouse chimeras. An experimental in vivo model system to study the regulation of human endothelial cell–leukocyte adhesion molecules. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 986–96.

Gearing A J H Newman W. Circulating adhesion molecules in disease. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 506–12.

Gearing A J H Hemingway I K Pigott R. Soluble forms of vascular adhesion molecules, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1: Pathological significance. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992; 667: 324–32.

Newman W. Beall L D Carson C W . Soluble E-selectin is found in supernatants of activated endothelial cells and is elevated in the serum of patients with septic shock. J Immunol 1993; 150: 644–54.

Katayama M. Handa M. Ambo H. . A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for human GMP-140/P-selectin. J Immunol Methods 1992; 153: 41–48.

Dunlop L C Skinner M P Bendall L J . Characterization of GMP-140 (P-selectin) as a circulating plasma protein. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1147–50.

Schleiffenbaum B. Spertini O. Tedder T. F. Soluble L-selectin is present in human plasma at high levels and retains functional activity. J Cell Biol 1992; 119: 229–38.

Spertini O. Schleiffenbaum B. White-Owen C. Ruiz P. Jr Tedder T. F. ELISA for quantitation of L-selectin shed from leukocytes in vivo. J Immunol Methods 1992; 156: 115–23.

Seth R. Raymond F D Makgoba M. W. Circulating ICAM-1 isoforms: Diagnostic prospects for inflammatory and immune disorders. Lancet 1991; 338: 83–84.

Rothlein R. Mainolfi E A Czajkowski M. Marlin S. D. A form of circulating ICAM-1 in human serum. J Immunol 1991; 147: 3788–93.

Wellicome S. Kapahi P. Mason J C Lebranchu Y. Yarwood H. Haskard D. O. Detection of a circulating form of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: Raised levels in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 92: 412–18.

Johnston G I Bliss G A Newman P J McEver R. P. Structure of the human gene encoding granule membrane protein-140, a member of the selectin family of adhesion receptors for leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 21381–85.

Pigott R. Dillon L P Hemingway I H Gearing A. J. H. Soluble forms of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are present in the supernatants of cytokine activated cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187: 584–89.

Leeuwenberg J F M Smeets E F Neefjes J J . E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are released by activated human endothelial cells in vitro. Immunology 1992; 77: 543–49.

Von Asmuth E J U Smeets E F Ginsel L A Onderwater J J M Leeuwenberg J F M Buurman W. A. Evidence for endocytosis of E-selectin in human endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22: 2519–26.

Miyake K. Medina K. Ishihara K. Kimoto M. Auerbach R. Kincade P. W. A VCAM-like adhesion molecule on murine bone marrow stromal cells mediates binding of lymphocyte precursors in culture. J Cell Biol 1991; 114: 557–65.

Miyake K. Weissman I L Greenberger J S Kincade P. W. Evidence for a role of the integrin VLA-4 in lymphohemopoiesis. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 599–607.

Ryan D H Nuccie B L Abboud C N Winslow J. M. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and the integrin VLA-4 mediate adhesion of human B cell precursors to cultured bone marrow adherent cells. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 995–1004.

Gamble J R Skinner M P Berendt M C Vadas M. A. Prevention of activated neutrophil adhesion to endothelium by soluble adhesion protein GMP-140. Science 1990; 249: 414–16.

Wong C S Gamble J R Skinner M P Lucas C M Berndt M C Vadas M. A. Adhesion protein GMP-140 inhibits superoxide anion release by human neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 2397–401.

May G L Dunlop L C Sztelma K. Berndt M C Sorrel T. C. GMP-140 (P-selectin) inhibits human neutrophil activation by lipopolysaccharide: Analysis by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 183: 1062–69.

Becker J C Dummer R. Hartmann A A Burg G. Schmidt R. E. Shedding of ICAM-1 from human melanoma cell lines induced by IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α: Functional consequences on cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1991; 147: 4398–401.

Mason J C Kapahi P. Haskard D. O. Detection of raised levels of circulating ICAM-1 in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in systemic lupus erythematosus: Lack of correlation with circulating VCAM-1. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 519–27.

Miller D D Rivera F J Garcia O J Palmaz J C Berger H J Weisman H. F. Imaging of vascular injury with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antiplatelet antibody S12: Preliminary experience in human percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Circulation 1992; 85: 1354–63.

Ohtani H. Strauss H W Southern J F Tamatani T. Miyasaka M. Isobe M. Imaging of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 induction in rejecting heart: A new scintigraphic approach to detect early allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 867–69.

Keelan E T M Harrison A A Chapman P T Binns R M Peters A M Haskard D. O. Imaging vascular endothelial activation: A novel approach using radiolabelled monoclonal antibody against the endothelial cell adhesion molecule E-selectin. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 276–81.

Carlos T M Harlan J. M. Membrane proteins involved in phagocyte adherence to endothelium. Immunol Reviews 1990; 114: 5–29.

Benjamin R J Qin S. Wise M P Cobbold S. P. Mechanisms of monoclonal antibody-facilitated tolerance induction: A possible role for the CD4 (L3T4) and CD11a (LFA-1) molecules in self-non-self discrimination. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18: 1079–88.

Rosen H. Milon G. Gordon S. Antibody to the murine type 3 complement receptor inhibits T lympohocyte-dependent recruitment of myelomonocytic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 535–48.

Vedder N B Winn R K Rice C L Chi E Y Arfors K-E Halan J. M. A monoclonal antibody to the adherence-promoting leukocyte glycoprotein, CD18, reduces organ injury and improves survival from haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rabbits. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 939–44.

Thomas J R Harlan J M Rice C L Winn R. K. Role of leukocyte CD11/CD18 complex in endotoxic and septic shock in rabbits. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 1510–16.

Eichacker P Q Hoffman W D Farese A. . Leukocyte CD18 monoclonal antibody worsens endotoxemia and cardiovascular injury in canines with septic shock. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 1885–92.

Morisaki T. Goya T. Toh H. Nishihara K. Torisu M. The anti-Mac-1 monoclonal antibody inhibits neutrophil sequestration in lung and liver in a septic murine model. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991; 61: 365–75.

Eichacker P Q Farese A. Hoffman W D . Leukocyte CD11b/18 antigen-directed monoclonal antibody improves early survival and decreases hypoxemia in dogs challenged with tumor necrosis factor. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1023–29.

Shiohara T. Moriya N. Gotoh C. Saizawa K. Nagashima M. Locally administered monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and to L3T4 prevent cutaneous graft-vs-host disease. J Immunol 1988; 141: 2261–67.

Harning R. Pelletier J. Lubbe K. Takei F. Merluzzi V. J. Reduction in the severity of graft-versus-host disease and increased survival in allogeneic mice by treatment with monoclonal antibodies to cell adhesion antigens LFA-1α and MALA-2. Transplantation 1991; 52: 842–45.

Van Dijken P J Ghayur T. Mauch P. Down J. Burakoff S J Ferrara J. L. M. Evidence that anti-LFA-1 in vivo improves engraftment and survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1990; 49: 882–86.

Noonan T C Gundel R H Desai S N . The effectsof an anti-CD18 antibody (R15.7) in antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AH) and cell influx in guinea pigs. Agents Actions 1991; 34: 211–13.

Barton R W Rothlein R. Ksiazek J. Kennedy C. The effect of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on phorbol-ester-induced rabbit lung inflammation. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1278–82.

Doerschuk C M Winn R K Coxson H O Harlan J. M. CD18-dependent and -independent mechanisms of neutrophil emigration in the pulmonary and systemic microcirculation of rabbits. J Immunol 1990; 144: 2327–33.

Mulligan M S Varani J. Warren J S . Roles of β2 integrins of rat neutrophils in complement- and oxygen radical-mediated acute inflammatory injury. J Immunol 1992; 148: 1847–57.

Mulligan M S Smith C W Anderson D C . Role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in complement-induced lung injury. J Immunol 1993; 150: 2401–406.

Mulligan M S Polley M J Bayer R J Nunn M F Paulson J C Ward P. A. Neutrophil-dependent acute lung injury. Requirement for P-selectin (GMP-140). J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1600–607.

Mulligan M S Wilson G P Todd R F . Role of β1, β2 inetegrins and ICAM-1 in lung injury after deposition of IgG and IgA immune complexes. J Immunol 1993; 150: 2407–17.

Mulligan M S Warren J S Smitg C W . Lung injury after deposition of IgA immune complexes: Requirements for CD18 and L-arginine. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3086–92.

Hill J. Lindsay T. Rusche J. Valeri C R Shepro D. Hechtman H. B. A Mac-1 antibody reduces liver and lung injury but not neutrophil sequestration after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Surgery 1992; 112: 166–72.

Hill J. Lindsay T. Valeri C R Shepro D. Hechtman H. B. A CD18 antibody prevents lung injury but not hypotension after ischaemia-reperfusion. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 659–64.

Bishop M U J Kowalski T F Guidotti S M Harlan J. M. Antibody against neutrophil adhesion improves reperfusion and limits alveolar infiltrate following unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. J Surg Res 1992; 52: 199–204.

Horgan M J Ge M. Gu J. Rothlein R. Malik A. B. Role of ICAM-1 in neutrophil-mediated lung vascular injury after occlusion and reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H1578–H1584.

Kawasaki K. Yaoita E. Yamamoto T. Tamatani T. Miyasaka M. Kihara I. Antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 prevent glomerular injuiry in rat experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Immunol 1993; 150: 1074–83.

Wu X. Pippin J. Lefkowith J. B. Attenuation of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with an anti-CDl lb monoclonal antibody. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: F715–F721.

Nishikawa K. Guo Y J Miyasaka M. . Antibodies to intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 prevent crescent formation in rat autoimmune glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 667–77.

Flavin T. Ivens K. Rothlein R. . Monoclonal antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule 1 prolong cardiac allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 533–34.

Sadahiro M. McDonald T O Allen M. D. Reduction in cellular and vascular rejection by blocking leukocyte adhesion molecule receptors. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 675–83.

Paul L C Davidoff A. Benediktsson H. Issekutz T. B. The efficacy of LFA-1 and VLA-4 antibody treatment in rat vascularized cardiac allograft rejection. Transplantation 1993; 55: 1196–99.

Isobe M. Yagita H. Okumura K. Ihara A. Specific acceptance of cardiac allograft after treatment with antibodies to ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Science 1992; 255: 1125–27.

Orosz C G Ohye R G Pelletier R P . Teatment with anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 monoclonal antibody induces long-term murine cardiac allograft acceptance. Transplantation 1993; 56: 453–60.

Ma X-L Tsao P S Lefer A. M. Antibody to CD18 exerts endothelial and cardiac protective effects in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1237–43.

Ma X. Lefer D J Lefer A M Rothlein R. Coronary endothelial and cardiac protective effects of a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 1992; 86: 937–46.

Ma X. Weyrich A S Lefer D J . Monoclonal antibody to L-selectin attenuates neutrophil accumulation and protects ischemic reperfused cat myocardium. Circulation 1993; 88: 649–58.

Weyrich A S Ma X. Lefer D J Albertine K H Lefer A. M. In vivo neutralization of P-selectin protects feline heart and endothelium in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2620–29.

Simpson P J Todd R F Fantone J C Mickelson J. K. Reduction of experimental canine myocardial reperfusion injury by a monoclonal antibody (anti-Mol, anti-CD11b) that inhibits leukocyte adhesion. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 624.

Kling D. Fingerle J. Harlan J. M. Inhibition of leukocyte extravasation with a monoclonal antibody to CD18 during formation of experimental intimal thickening in rabbit carotid arteries. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 997–1007.

Hutchings P. Rosen H. O'Reilly L. Simpson E. Gordon S. Cooke A. Transfer of diabetes in mice prevented by blockade of adhesion-promoting receptor on macrophages. Nature 1990; 348: 639–42.

Jutila M A Rott L. Berg E L Butcher E. C. Function and regulation of the neutrophil MEL-14 antigen in vivo: Comparison with LFA-1 and Mac-1. J Immunol 1989; 143: 3318–24.

Wallace J L Arfors K-E McKnight G. W. A monoclonal antibody against the CD18 leukocyte adhesion molecule prevents indomethacin-induced gastric damage in the rabbit. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 878–83.

Podolsky D K Lobb R. King N. . Attenuation of colitis in the cotton-top tamarin by anti-α4 integrin monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 372–80.

Jaeschke H. Farhood A. Smith C. W. Neutrophil-induced liver cell injury in endotoxin shock is a CD11b/CD18-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: G1051–G1056.

Jaeschke H. Farhood A. Bautista A P Spolarics Z. Spitzer J J Smith C. W. Functional inactivation of neutrophils with a Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) monoclonal antibody protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver. Hepatology 1993; 17: 915–23.

Arfors K E Lundberg C. Lindbom L. Lundberg K. Beatty P G Harlan J. M. A monoclonal antibody to the membrane glycoprotein complex CD18 inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation and plasma leakage in vivo. Blood 1987; 69: 338.

Rampart M. Williams T. J. Evidence that neutrophil accumulation induced by interleukin-1 requires both local protein biosynthesis and neutrophil CD18 antigen expression in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 94: 1143–48.

Forrest M J Eiermann G J Meurer R. Walakovits L A MacIntyre D. E. The role of CD19 in IL-8 induced dermal and synovial inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 106: 287–94.

Issekutz A C Issekutz T. B. The contribution of LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) to the in vivo migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to inflammatory reactions in the rat. Immunology 1992; 76: 655–61.

Issekutz A C Issekutz T. B. A major portion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and T lymphocyte migration to arthritic joints in the rat is via LFA-1/Mac-1-independent mechanisms. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 67: 257–63.

Weg V B Williams T J Lobb R R Nourshargh S. A monoclonal antibody recognizing very late activation antigen-4 inhibits eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 561–66.

Issekutz T. B. Inhibition of lymphocyte endothelial adhesion and in vivo lymphocyte migration to cutaneous inflammation by TA-3, a new monoclonal antibody to rat LFA-1. J Immunol 1992; 149: 3394–402.