Through a fieldwork study of the practice of methadone substitution at a French
addiction clinic, the classic ‘theory of action’ is criticized
and an alternative one proposed. A sketch of the debates among French drug
specialists, drug users and legislators shows the pertinence for these practitioners
of such a theoretical question; further, the ethnographic data suggest that they can
be seen as actually trying out an alternative to this ‘theory of action’.
AC (1994) ‘Programme Action-MÈthadone-Insertion de la
Clinique [Bleue]. Bilan ‡ six mois’. Paris: Unpublished
monitoring report.
2.
AC (1995) ‘Strategy of Change: French Harm-reduction and Drug
Users’. Paris: Unpublished paper.
3.
Bachmann, F.
and
A. Coppel
(1989) Le Dragon domestique.
Paris: Albin Michel
.
4.
Becker, H.
(1963) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
New York: Free Press
.
5.
Berg, M.
and
A. Mol
(1998) Differences in Medicine: Unravelling Practices,
Techniques and Bodies.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press
.
6.
Bernat de Celis, J.
(1996) Drogues: consommation interdite. La GenËse de
la loi du 31 dÈcembre 1970.
Paris: L’Harmattan
.
7.
Beschner, G.
and
B. Elliott
(1985) ‘Life with Heroin: Voices of
Experience’, pp. 76–107 in
G. Hanson
(ed.) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
8.
Beschner, G.
and
W. James
(1985) ‘Just Another Habit? The Heroin
Users’ Perspective on Treatment’, in
G. Hanson
(ed.) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
9.
Beschner, G.
and
B. William
(1985) ‘The Scene’, pp.
19–30 in
G. Hanson
(ed.) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
10.
Bjelic, D.
(1995) ‘
An Ethnomethodological Clarification of Husserl’s Concepts of
“Regressive Inquiry” and Galilean Physics by Means of
Discovering Praxioms
’, Human Studies18:
189–225
.
11.
Bourgois, P.
(1995) In Search of Respect, Selling Crack in El
Barrio.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
12.
Callon, M.
,
F. Bastide
,
S. Bauin
,
J.-P. Courtial
and
W. Turner
(1984) ‘Les MÈcanismes
d’intÈressement dans les textes
scientifiques’, in
M. Callon
(ed.) LÈgitimitÈ et lÈgitimation de la
science.
Paris: CNRS
.
13.
Callon, M.
and
J. Law
(1995) ‘
Agency and the Hybrid Collectif
’, paper presented at ‘Non-Human Agency: A
Contradiction in Terms?’, Conference in Theory and Methods,
Guildford, Surrey, UK.
14.
Carpentier, J.
(1994) La Toxicomanie à
l’héroïne en médicine
générale.
Paris: Ellipses
.
15.
Carpentier, J.
,
J.-F. Bloch-Lainé
and
S. Hefez
(1994) ‘
Intérêts et limites des traitements de substitution
dans la prise en charge des toxicomanes
’, Annales de Médicine Interne145:
50–51
.
16.
Cesoni, M.
(1992) ‘Droits et politiques
législatives’, in
A. Ehrenberg
(ed.) Penser la drogue, penser les drogues: I-Etat des lieux.
Paris: Descartes
.
17.
Clifford, J.
and
G. Marcus
(1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of
Ethnography.
Berkeley: University of California Press
.
18.
Coppel, A.
(1993) ‘
L’Efficacité des programmes méthadone
mesurée par l’évaluation des
expériences étrangères
’, Journal du Sida26–30
.
19.
Coppel, A.
(1994a) ‘
A la recherche de nouvelles stratégies de régulation
des drogues
’, Transcriptase12–15
.
20.
Coppel, A.
(1994b) ‘Peut-on soigner les toxicomanes? Les
enseignements de l’histoire’, pp.
43–46 in
J.-M. Guffens
(ed.) Toxicomanie, Hépatites, S.I.D.A.Paris: Les Empëcheurs de penser en rond
.
21.
Cussins, C.
(forthcoming) ‘Quit Sniveling, Cryo-baby; We’ll
Work Out which One’s Your Mama’, in
J. Dumit
and
R. Davis-Floyd
(eds) Cyborg Babies: From Techno Tots to Techno Toys.
Deniker, P.
,
H. Loo
,
E. Zarifian
and
H. Cuche
(1975) ‘
A propos d’une expérience française de la méthadone
’, L’Encéphale1:
75–91
.
24.
Despret, V.
(1997) ‘Savoirs des passions et passions des
savoirs’, thèse de philosophie et lettres,
Liège,
Belgique: Université de Liège
.
25.
Dole, V.
(1981) ‘
Le Comportement des toxicomanes
’, La Science février:
27–34
.
26.
Dole, V.
(1994) ‘
What Have We Learned from Three Decades of Methadone Maintenance Treatment?
’, Drug and Alcohol Review13:
3–4
.
27.
Dole, V.
and
M. Nyswander
(1965) ‘
A Medical Treatment for Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Addiction
’, Journal of the American Medical Association193:
80–84
. Reprinted in H. Shaffer and M. Earl Burglass (eds) Classic Contributions
in the Addictions. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981.
28.
Dole, V.
,
M. Nyswander
and
A. Warner
(1968) ‘
Successful Treatment of 750 Criminal Addicts
’, Journal of the American Medical Association206:
2708–2711
. Reprinted in H. Shaffer and M. Earl Burglass (eds) Classic Contributions
in the Addictions. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981.
29.
Dugarin, J.
,
C. Menerath
and
P. Nominé
(1994) ‘
Bilan de la prescription de méthadone à
l’Espace Murger, Hôpital F.-Widal (1984–1993)
’, Annales de Médicine Interne145:
39–40
.
30.
Dugarin, J.
and
P. Nominé
(1990) ‘
La Prescription de la mÈthadone
’, paper presented at ‘Quel est le
rôle des médicaments dans la thérapeutique de la
toxicomanie?’, November 1993, Paris.
31.
Favret-Saada, J.
(1995) Les Mots, la mort, les sorts.
Paris: Folio
.
32.
Foucault, M.
(1975) Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison.
Paris: Gallimard
.
33.
Foucault, M.
(1977) ‘
Le Jeu de Michel Foucault, entretien avec D. Colas (et al.)
’, Ornicar? Bulletin périodique du champ freudien25(3):
62–93
.
34.
Garfinkel, H.
et al. (1981) ‘
The Work of Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically
Discovered Pulsar
’, Philosophy and Sociology of Science11:
131–158
.
35.
Glickman, S.
(1996) ‘
Disciplines, Subdisciplines and Cultural Influence: A View from Comparative Psychology
’, paper presented at Wenner-Grenn Foundation for
Anthropological Research: An International Symposium ‘Changing Images
of Primate Societies: The Role of Theory, Method and Gender’,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
36.
Goldstein, J.
(1987) Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric
Profession in the Nineteenth Century.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
37.
Gomart, E.
(1999) Surprised by Methadone: Experiments in Substitution,
Centre de sociologie de l’Innovation, 456.
Paris: École Nationale
Supérieure des Mines de Paris
.
38.
Gomart, E.
(2002a) ‘
Towards Generous Constraint: Freedom and Coercion in a French Addiction Treatment
’, Sociology of Health and Illness24(5):
517–548
.
39.
Gomart, E.
(2002b) ‘
Methadone: Six Effects in Search of a Substance
’, Social Studies of Science32(1):
93–105
.
40.
Gomart, E.
and
A. Hennion
(1999) ‘A Sociology of Attachment: Music
Amateurs, Drug Users’, pp.
220–247 in
J. Law
and
J. Hassard
(eds) ANT and After.
Oxford: Blackwell
.
41.
Gourarier, L.
and
D. Touzeau
(1994) ‘
La BoÓte noire de la substitution
’, Soins20(3):
32–40
.
42.
Greimas, A.-J.
(1977) ‘
Pour une théorie des modalités
’, Langages90–106
.
43.
Hanson, B.
,
G. Bechner
,
J. Walters
and
E. Bovelle
(eds) (1985) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner
City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
44.
Hefez, S.
(1994) ‘
Toxicomanie, la fin des libertaires
’, Libération 25 July.
45.
Henrion, R.
(1995) Rapport de la Commission de Reflexion sur la Drogue et
la Toxicomanie.
Paris: Ministry of Health
.
46.
Hutchins, E.
(1995) Cognition in the Wild.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
47.
James, W.
(1910) Psychology: The Briefer Course.
New York: Henry Holt and Co.
48.
Jullien, F.
(1992) La Propension des choses: pour une histoire de
l’efficacité en Chine.
Paris: Seuil
.
49.
Kempfer, J.
(1998) ‘
Ecueils sur la route du crack
’, ASUD Journal21
.
50.
Knorr-Cetina, K.
(1999) Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make
Knowledge.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
51.
Kouchner, B.
(1993) ‘
Qui a peur de la méthadone?
’, Globe Hebdo33–36
.
52.
Lapoujade, D.
(1997) William James: empirisme et pragmatisme.
Paris: PUF
.
53.
Latour, B.
(1988) ‘
A Relativistic Account of Einstein’s Relativity
’, Social Studies of Science18:
3–44
.
54.
Latour, B.
(1992) ‘
Pasteur on Lactic Acid Yeast: A Partial Semiotic Analysis
’, Configurations1:
129–145
.
55.
Latour, B.
(1994) ‘
On Technical Mediation – Philosophy, Sociology, Genealogy
’, Common Knowledge3:
29–64
.
56.
Latour, B.
(1996a) ‘
Do Scientific Objects Have a History? Pasteur and Whitehead in a Bath of
Lactic Acid
’, Common Knowledge6:
76–91
.
57.
Latour, B.
(1996b) ‘
On Interobjectivity
’, Mind, Culture and Activity228–245
.
58.
Latour, B.
(1999) Pandora’s Hope.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
59.
Latour, B.
(in press) ‘A Well-articulated Primatology: Reflections of
a Fellow-traveller’, in
S. Strum
and
L. Fedigan
(eds) Primate Encounters.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
60.
Lebeau, B.
(1997) ‘
La Réduction des risques et l’esprit des lois
’, Psychotropes3:
145–159
.
61.
Lert, F.
(1998) ‘Mŕthadone, Subutex®:
substitution ou traitement de la dépendance à
l’héroîne? Questions de santé
publique’, in
A. Ehrenberg
(ed.) Drogues et médicaments psychotropes: le trouble des
frontières.
Paris: Editions Esprit
.
62.
Lert, F.
and
E. Fombonne
(1989) La Toxicomanie: vers une évaluation de ses
traitements.
Paris: INSERM – La Documentation Française
.
63.
Loo, H.
,
X. Laqueille
,
P. Remi
,
F. Bayle
and
J.-P. Olie
(1994) Les Traitements de substitution des
héroïnomanes par la méthadone:
intérêt, limites et pratiques en France.
Paris: Service Hospital –
Universitaire de Santé Mentale et de Thérapeutique, CH Sainte-Anne
.
64.
Lowenstein, W.
,
L. Gourarier
,
A. Coppel
,
B. Lebeau
and
S. Hefez
(1995) La Méthadone et les traitements de
substitution.
Paris: Doin
.
65.
Lynch, M.
(1991) ‘
Laboratory Space and the Technological Complex: An Investigation of Topical Contextures
’, Science in Context4:
51–78
.
66.
Merleau-Ponty, M.
(1945) Phénoménologie de la
perception.
Paris: Gallimard
.
67.
Morel, A.
(1997) ‘
Les Intervenants en toxicomanie et la loi de 1970
’, Psychotropes, Revue Internationale des Toxicomanies3:
83–91
.
68.
Morel, A.
,
F. Hervé
and
B. Fontaine
(1997) Soigner les toxicomanes.
Paris: Dunod
.
69.
Morris, R.W.
(1985) ‘Not the Cause, Nor the Cure: Self-Image
and Control Among Inner-city Black Male Heroin Users’, in
B. Hanson
et al. (eds) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
70.
Nelkin, D.
(1973) Methadone Maintainance: A Technological Fix.
New York: George Braziller
.
71.
Olievenstein, C.
(1977) Il n’y a pas de droguÈs
heureux.
Paris: Laffont
.
72.
Preble, E.
(1969) ‘
Taking Care of Business
’, International Journal of Addictions4:
1–24
.
73.
Reisinger, M.
(1990a) Arrêter
l’héroïne.
Paris: Éditions Complexe
.
74.
Reisinger, M.
(1990b) ‘
Influence de la politique des soins des toxicomanes sur
l’épidémiologie du SIDA
’, Psychotropes6:
51–58
.
75.
Reisinger, M.
(1994a) ‘Les Avantages d’une
prescription détendue de méthadone’, in
J.-M. Guffens
(ed.) Toxicomanie, Hépatites, S.I.D.A.Paris: Les EmpÍcheurs de penser en rond
.
76.
Reisinger, M.
(1994b) ‘Méthadone et transmission de
S.I.D.A. dans la communauté
Européenne’, in
J.-M. Guffens
(ed.) Toxicomanie, Hépatites, S.I.D.A.Paris: Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond
.
77.
Rubington, E.
(1967) ‘
Drug Addiction as a Deviant Career
’, International Journal of the Addictions2:
3–20
.
78.
Stengers, I.
(1992) La Volonté de faire science: à
propos de la psychanalyse.
Paris: Synthélabo
.
79.
Stengers, I.
(1993) L’Invention des sciences modernes.
Paris: La Découverte
.
80.
Stengers, I.
(1997) Cosmopolitiques, Tome 7: Pour en finir avec la
tolérance.
Paris: La Découverte/Les
Empêcheurs de penser en rond
.
81.
Touzeau, D.
(1995) ‘
Substitution par méthadone
’, Alpha Med43–46
.
82.
Valleur, M.
(1988) ‘
La Terre, est-elle plate? La Toxicomanie, est-elle une maladie?
’, Interventions9–15
.
83.
Valleur, M. (1992) ‘Drogues et droits du toxicomane: le point de
vue du praticien’, unpublished paper, Université Paris 10, Nanterre.
84.
Vedrinne, J.
,
J.M. Elchardus
and
N. Gerey
(1987) ‘
Les PersonalitÈs du toxicomane
’, Confrontations psychiatriques28:
103–122
.
85.
Vera Ocampo, E.
(1989) L’Envers de la toxicomanie: un
idéal d’indépendance.
Paris: De Noel
.
86.
Walters, J.
(1985) ‘ “ Taking Care of
Business” Updated: A Fresh Look at the Daily Routine of the Heroin
User’, in
B. Hanson
et al. (eds) Life with Heroin: Voices from the Inner City.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
.
87.
Wikler, A.
(1965) ‘Conditioning Factors in Opiate Addiction
and Relapse’, in
D. Wilner
and
G. Kassebaum
(eds) Narcotics.
New York: McGraw-Hill
.
88.
Wikler, A.
(1973) ‘
Dynamics of Drug Dependence: Implications of a Conditioning Theory for
Research and Treatment
’, Archives of General Psychiatry28:
611–616
.
89.
Zourabichvili, F.
(1994) Deleuze, une philosophie de
l’évèement.
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
.
