This study used a mixed-methods design combining qualitative interviews (30 respondents: pet owners and nonpet owners) and quantitative questionnaires (832 valid samples) based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the formation of behavioral intentions in pet owners and nonpet owners in pet-friendly tourism destinations. This study found that the green environment of tourism destinations significantly affects behavioral intention, specifically for pet owners. In contrast, perceived constraints had no significant effect on behavioral intentions. In addition, although pet owners and nonpet owners showed consistency in their attitudes toward pet tourism, there was a significant difference in the importance they placed on a green environment. This finding not only enriches the application of the TPB in the field of pet tourism, but also emphasizes the importance of the green environment in pet tourism planning and provides the industry with targeted recommendations for improvement.
AjzenI (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes50(2): 179–211.
2.
Al-AnsiAHanH (2019) Role of halal-friendly destination performances, value, satisfaction, and trust in generating destination image and loyalty. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management13: 51–60.
3.
AshrafMSHouFKimWG, et al. (2020) Modeling tourists’ visiting intentions toward ecofriendly destinations: implications for sustainable tourism operators. Business Strategy and the Environment29(1): 54–71.
4.
CarrN (2017) Recognising the position of the pet dog in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research62: 112–113.
5.
CarrNCohenS (2009) Holidaying with the family pet: no dogs allowed!Tourism and Hospitality Research9(4): 290–304.
6.
ChanVHTTungVWS (2023) Traveling with pets: investigating the urban, staycation tourism experience. Journal of China Tourism Research19(4): 725–741.
7.
ChaulagainSPizamAWangY (2021) An integrated behavioral model for medical tourism: an American perspective. Journal of Travel Research60(4): 761–778.
8.
ChenAHungKPPengN (2012) A cluster analysis examination of pet owners’ consumption values and behavior–segmenting owners strategically. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing20(2): 117–132.
9.
ChenMFTungPJ (2014) Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management36: 221–230.
10.
ChuaBAl-AnsiALeeM, et al. (2021) Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism24(7): 985–1002.
CrawfordDWGodbeyG (1987) Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences9(2): 119–127.
13.
CrawfordDWJacksonELGodbeyG (1991) A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences13(4): 309–320.
14.
CreswellJWClarkVLP (2017) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. LA; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC: Sage Publications.
15.
Dang-VanTVo-ThanhTWangJ, et al. (2023) Green hotel practices and consumer revisit intention: a mediating model of consumer promotion focus, brand identification, and green consumption value. Journal of Vacation Marketing: 13567667231164630.
16.
DashGPaulJ (2021) CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change173: 121092.
17.
DashperK (2020) Holidays with my horse: human-horse relationships and multispecies tourism experiences. Tourism Management Perspectives34: 1–9.
18.
de KervenoaelRSchwobAHasanR, et al. (2021) Consumers’ perceived value of healthier eating: a SEM analysis of the internalisation of dietary norms considering perceived usefulness, subjective norms, and intrinsic motivations in Singapore. Journal of Consumer Behaviour20(3): 550–563.
19.
FarmerAKDeYoungSE (2019) The pets of hurricane Matthew: evacuation and sheltering with companion animals. Anthrozoös32(3): 419–433.
20.
FennellD (2024) Tourism and Animal Ethics. London, UK: Routledge.
21.
FerreiraSPereiraOSimõesC (2023) Determinants of consumers’ intention to visit green hotels: combining psychological and contextual factors. Journal of Vacation Marketing: 13567667231217755.
22.
FornellCLarckerDF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research18(1): 39–50.
23.
FriedmannEGeeNRSimonsickEM, et al. (2020) Pet ownership patterns and successful aging outcomes in community dwelling older adults. Frontiers in Veterinary Science7: 293.
24.
FunkDCAlexandrisKPingY (2009) To go or stay home and watch: exploring the balance between motives and perceived constraints for major events: a case study of the 2008 Beijing Olympic games. International Journal of Tourism Research11(1): 41–53.
25.
GirishVGLeeCKKimMJ, et al. (2021) Impacts of perception and perceived constraint on the travel decision-making process during the Hong Kong protests. Current Issues in Tourism24(15): 2093–2096.
26.
GongXQiHXieJ, et al. (2020) From livestock to families: taking pets to tourism activities in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change18(6): 728–742.
27.
HairJFJrSarstedtMRingleCM, et al. (2017) Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. LA; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC; Melbourne: Sage publications.
28.
HanHMengBKimW (2017) Emerging bicycle tourism and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism25(2): 292–309.
29.
HanHYuJKimW (2019) Environmental corporate social responsibility and the strategy to boost the airline’s image and customer loyalty intentions. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing36(3): 371–383.
30.
HansenMRicklyJMHalpernN, et al. (2021) A working holiday: From home to destination with a guide dog. In: RicklyJMKlineC (eds) Exploring Non-human Work in Tourism: From Beasts of Burden to Animal Ambassadors. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 143–158.
31.
HöpkenWEberleTFuchsM, et al. (2021) Improving tourist arrival prediction: a big data and artificial neural network approach. Journal of Travel Research60(5): 998–1017.
32.
HsuCHHuangS (2012) An extension of the theory of planned behavior model for tourists. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research36(3): 390–417.
33.
HuJXiongLLvX, et al. (2021) Sustainable rural tourism: linking residents’ environmentally responsible behaviour to tourists’ green consumption. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research26(8): 879–893.
34.
HungKPetrickJF (2012) Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: an alternative decision-making model. Tourism Management33(4): 855–867.
35.
HungKPChenAPengN (2016) Taking dogs to tourism activities: incorporating attachment into a pet-related constraint-negotiation model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research40(3): 364–395.
36.
JacobsTPHumphreyBTMcconnellAR (2023) Nature’s best friend: viewing pets as having greater emotional experience increases ecological concern. Anthrozoös36(4): 625–639.
37.
JhawarAKumarPIsraelD (2023) Impact of materialism on tourists’ green purchase behavior: extended norm activation model perspective. Journal of Vacation Marketing: 13567667231178328.
38.
KimSLeeJKimJ, et al. (2022) Threat-induced sustainability: How COVID-19 has affected sustainable behavioral intention and sustainable hotel brand choice. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480221116060
39.
KimWGLiJHanJS, et al. (2017) The influence of recent hotel amenities and green practices on guests’ price premium and revisit intention. Tourism Economics23(3): 577–593.
40.
KirillovaKLeeSLehtoX (2015) Willingness to travel with pets: a US consumer perspective. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism16(1): 24–44.
41.
LaiCLiXRHarrillR (2013) Chinese Outbound tourists’ perceived constraints to visiting the United States. Tourism Management37: 136–146.
42.
LeeKHLeeMGunarathneN (2019) Do green awards and certifications matter? Consumers’ perceptions, green behavioral intentions, and economic implications for the hotel industry: a Sri Lankan perspective. Tourism Economics25(4): 593–612.
43.
MalerbaRCKastenholzECarneiroMJ (2023) Family-friendly wine tourism? The challenge of supplying child-inclusive wine terroir experiences. Journal of Vacation Marketing: 13567667231167885.
44.
MarshallHGlorizkyGACollarNJ, et al. (2021) Understanding motivations and attitudes among songbird-keepers to identify best approaches to demand reduction. Conservation Science and Practice3(10): 1–12.
45.
MatijevicJKiatkawsinK (2020) Pet oweners' travel intentions: merging the constraint negotiation model and the theory of planned behaviour with anticipated emotions. In The 88th TOSOK Daegu–Gyeongbuk international tourism conference proceedings, vol. 88, pp.171–172. The Tourism Sciences Society of Korea.
46.
MerliRPreziosiMAcamporaA, et al. (2019) The impact of green practices in coastal tourism: an empirical investigation on an eco-labelled beach club. International Journal of Hospitality Management77: 471–482.
47.
MoonHHanH (2019) Tourist experience quality and loyalty to an island destination: the moderating impact of destination image. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing36(1): 43–59.
48.
MorganDL (2014) Pragmatism as a paradigm for social research. Qualitative Inquiry20(8): 1045–1053.
49.
NazirMUYasinITatHH (2021) Destination image's mediating role between perceived risks, perceived constraints, and behavioral intention. Heliyon7(7): 1–11.
PanTShuFKitterlin-LynchM, et al. (2021) Perceptions of cruise travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: market recovery strategies for cruise businesses in North America. Tourism Management85: 104275.
52.
PaulJModiAPatelJ (2016) Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services29: 123–134.
53.
PengNChenAHungKP (2014) Including pets when undertaking tourism activities: incorporating pet attachment into the TPB model. Tourism Analysis19(1): 69–84.
54.
PodsakoffPMMackenzieSBLeeJY, et al. (2003) Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology88(5): 879–903.
55.
PolitDFBeckCT (2010) Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: myths and strategies. International Journal of Nursing Studies47(11): 1451–1458.
56.
QiuHWangXMorrisonAM, et al. (2022) From ownership to responsibility: extending the theory of planned behavior to predict tourist environmentally responsible behavioral intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism: 1–24.
57.
QuanWKimSBaahNG, et al. (2023) Role of physical environment and green natural environment of pet-accompanying tourism sites in generating pet owners’ life satisfaction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing40(5): 399–415.
58.
QuintalVAThomasBPhauI (2015) Incorporating the winescape into the theory of planned behaviour: examining ‘new world’ wineries. Tourism Management46: 596–609.
59.
RanLZhenpengLBilgihanA, et al. (2021) Marketing China to US travelers through electronic word-of-mouth and destination image: taking Beijing as an example. Journal of Vacation Marketing27(3): 267–286.
60.
SalmonJTimperioAChuB, et al. (2010) Dog ownership, dog walking, and children’s and parents’ physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport81(3): 264–271.
61.
SpiggleS (1994) Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research21(3): 491–503.
TangJYingTYeS (2022) Chinese Pet owners traveling with pets: motivation-based segmentation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management50: 31–43.
67.
TolandEBandoMHamersM, et al. (2020) Turning negatives into positives for pet trading and keeping: a review of positive lists. Animals10(12): 2371.
68.
TrangHLeeJHanH (2019) How do green attributes elicit guest pro-environmental behaviors? The case of green hotels in Vietnam. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing36(1): 14–28.
69.
UribeACR (2020) Why did I share my life with glucio? A life course approach to explain pet ownership motivations in late adulthood. Anthrozoös33(1): 89–102.
70.
VuDMHaNTNgoTVN, et al. (2021) Environmental corporate social responsibility initiatives and green purchase intention: an application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Social Responsibility Journal18(8): 1–19.
71.
WangHJ (2022) Antecedents of behavioral intentions for green city tourists. Environment, Development and Sustainability24(1): 377–398.
72.
WeiZLeungXYXuH (2023) Examine pet travel experiences from human–pet interaction: the moderating role of pet attachment. Tourism Review79(4): 812–824.
73.
WoosnamKMRibeiroMADenleyTJ, et al. (2022) Psychological antecedents of intentions to participate in last chance tourism: considering complementary theories. Journal of Travel Research61(6): 1342–1357.
74.
YingTTangJWenJ, et al. (2021) Traveling with pets: constraints, negotiation, and learned helplessness. Tourism Management82: 1–15.
75.
ZhuMHuXLinZ, et al. (2020) Intention to adopt bicycle-sharing in China: introducing environmental concern into the theory of planned behavior model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research27(33): 41740–41750.
