There is substantial research that profiles the nature of tourists and the
motivations that underlie their general travel behaviour. Travel research on
racial and ethnic minority groups is very limited, however. Furthermore, hardly
any work exists on the travel motivations of cruise tourists in general. Based
on a survey of North American cruise passengers, this paper compares the
motivations of white Caucasians and ethnic minority passengers for taking a
cruise vacation. The results indicate that while there are many similarities, a
number of important differences exist to warrant strategies for attracting more
minority passengers to take cruise vacations.
CLIA
(2001) ‘The Cruise Industry — An
Overview’,
Cruise Lines International Association, New York
, Marketing Edition, September, p. 1.
2.
Starr, N.
(2000) ‘Viewpoint: An Introduction to Travel,
Tourism, and Hospitality’,
Prentice Hall, NJ
, p. 175.
3.
Dickinson, R.
and
Vladimir, A.
(1997) ‘Selling the Sea: An Inside Look at the
Cruise Industry’,
John Wiley, New York
, p. x.
4.
CLIA, ref. 1 above.
5.
Peisley, T.
(2000)
‘Cruising in crisis?’
, Travel and Tourism Analyst, No. 5, pp.
3-23
.
6.
Brown, F.
and
Jafari, J.
(1990)
‘Tourism and culture’
, Tourism Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.
78-80
.
7.
MacCannell, D.
(1973)
‘Staged authenticity: arrangements of social space in tourism settings’
, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp.
589-603
.
8.
Hitchcock, M.
(1999)
‘Tourism and ethnicity: Situational perspectives’
, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 4,
No. 2, pp.
17-32
.
9.
Makuni, L.T.
(2001)
‘The marketing of tourism to ethnic minorities’
, Travel and Tourism Analyst, No. 1, p.
78
.
10.
Black Enterprise Magazine
(1996)
‘Ethnic travel is vital to American tourism’
, Black Enterprise Magazine, Vol. 27, No.
5, p.
130
.
11.
TIA, ibid.
12.
Thanopoulos, J.
and
Walle, A. H
, (1988)
‘Ethnicity and its relevance to marketing: The case of tourism.’Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.
11-14
.
13.
Crompton, J. L.
(1979)
‘Motivation for pleasure vacation.’Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.
408-422
.
14.
Cohen, E.
(1979)
‘Rethinking the sociology of tourism’
, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 6, No.
1, pp.
18-35
.
15.
Morinis, E. A.
(1983)
‘Pilgrimage and tourism’
, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 11, No.
4, pp.
569-570
.
16.
Esman, M. R.
(1984),
‘Tourism as ethnic preservation: The Cajuns of Louisiana’
, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 11, No.
4, pp.
451-467
.
17.
Thanopoulos and Walle, ref. 12 above.
18.
CLIA, ref. 1 above, p. 30.
19.
Ibid., pp. 30-34.
20.
Lawton, L. J.
and
Butler, R. W.
(1987)
‘Cruise ship industry — Patterns in the Caribbean 1880-1986’
, Tourism Management, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.
329-369
.
21.
Hall, J. A.
and
Braitwaite, R.
(1990)
‘Caribbean tourism — A business of transnational partnerships’
, Tourism Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp.
339-347
.
22.
Hobson, J. S. P.
(1993)
‘Analysis of the US cruise line industry’
, Tourism Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.
452-462
.
23.
Wilkinson, P. F.
(1999)
‘Caribbean cruise tourism: Delusion? Illusion?’
, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.
261-282
.
24.
Wood, R. E.
(2000)
‘Caribbean cruise tourism: Globalization at sea’
, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 27, No.
2, pp.
345-370
.
25.
CLIA, ref. 1 above, p. 11.
26.
Crompton, ref. 13 above.
27.
Anderson, A.
(1989)
‘Why people travel’
, Leisure Travel and Tourism, pp.
19-25
.
28.
Pearce, D.
(1988) ‘Tourism Today: A Geographical
Analysis’,
Longman, New York
.
29.
Fodness, D.
(1994)
‘Measuring tourist motivation’
, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 21, No.
3, pp.
555-581
.
30.
Cha, S.
,
McCleary, K. W.
, and
Uysal, M.
(1995)
‘Travel motivations of Japanese overseas travellers: A
factor-cluster segmentation approach’Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.
33-39
.
31.
Teye, V.
and
Leclerc, D.
(1998)
‘Product and service delivery satisfaction among North American
cruise passengers’
, Tourism Management, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.
153-160
.
32.
33.
Teye and Leclerc, ref. 31 above.
34.
Pearce, P. L.
(1982)
‘The social psychology of tourist behavior’
, International Series in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.
1, p.
65
.
35.
Turner, L.
and
Ash, J.
(1975) ‘The Golden Hordes: International Tourism
and the Pleasure Periphery’,
Constable, London
.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Pearce, ref. 34 above.
38.
McDowell, E.
(1993)
‘Choppy seas’
, New York Times, 1st April, p.
36
.
39.
US Census, ref. 32 above.
40.
Jenkins, R.
(1997) ‘Rethinking Sociology: Arguments and
Explorations’,
Sage, London
.
41.
Cartwright, R.
and
Baird, C.
(1999) ‘The Development and Growth of the Cruise
Industry’,
Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA
.
