The main purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the role of motivational climates, perceived competence and motivational regulations as antecedents of self-reported physical activity during junior high school years. The participants included 237 Finnish students (101 girls, 136 boys) that were 13 years old at the first stage of the study. Students completed the motivational climate and perceived competence questionnaires at Grade 7, motivation towards physical education questionnaire at Grade 8, and self-reported physical activity questionnaire at Grade 9. A path analysis revealed a path from task-involving motivational climate via perceived competence and intrinsic motivation to self-reported physical activity. Perceived competence and intrinsic motivation were statistically significant mediators between task-involving motivational climate and self-reported physical activity. This finding supports the four-stage causal sequence model of motivation.
AsparouhovT (2006) General multi-level modeling with sampling weights. Communications in statistics. Theory and Methods35: 439–460.
4.
BentlerP (2007) On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences42: 825–829.
5.
BollenKA (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley.
6.
BrunelP (1999) Relationship between achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on intrinsic motivation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports9: 365–374.
7.
ChatzisarantisNLDHaggerMS (2009) Effects of an intervention based on self-determination theory on self-reported leisure-time physical activity participation. Psychology and Health24: 29–48.
8.
CovingtonMVMuellerKJ (2001) Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation: an approach/avoidance reformulation. Educational Psychology Review13: 157–176.
9.
CoxAWilliamsL (2008) The roles of perceived teacher support, motivational climate, and psychological need satisfaction in students' physical education motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology30: 222–240.
10.
CurrieCGabhainnSNGodeauE (2008) Inequalities in Young People’s Health. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. International Report from the 2005/2006 Survey. Health policy for children and adolescents no. 5. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, pp.105–112.
11.
CuryFBiddleSFamoseJ-PGoudasMSarrazinPDurandM (1996) Personal and situational factors influencing intrinsic interest of adolescent girls in school physical education: a structural equation modelling analysis. Educational Psychology16: 305–315.
12.
DeciELRyanRM (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press.
13.
DeciELRyanRM (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist55: 68–78.
14.
DeciELRyanRM (2007) Active human nature: self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In: HaggerMSChatzisarantisNLD (eds) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Exercise and Sport. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics, pp.1–21.
15.
DigelidisNPapaioannouAChristodoulidisT and Laparidis K(2003). A one-year intervention in 7th grade physical education classes aiming to change motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise. Psychology of Sport & Exercise3: 195–210.
16.
DumithSCGiganteDPDominguesMR (2011) Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology1: 1–14.
17.
DuncanSCDuncanTEStryckerLAA cohort-sequential latent growth model of physical activity from ages 12 to 17 years. Annals of Behavioral Medicine33: 80–89.
18.
EpsteinJL (1989) Family structures and student motivation: a developmental perspective. In: AmesCAmesR (eds) Research on Motivation in Education. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, pp.259–295.
19.
FoxKR (1990) The Physical Self-perception Profile Manual. De Kalb, USA: Office for Health Promotion, Northern Illinois University.
20.
FoxKR (1997) The physical self and processes in self-esteem development. In: FoxKR (ed.) The Physical Self. From Motivation to Well-being. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics, pp.111–139.
21.
FoxKRCorbinCB (1989) The physical self-perception profile: development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology11: 408–430.
22.
GaoZ (2008) The role of perceived competence and enjoyment in predicting students' physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness. Perceptual and Motor Skills107: 365–372.
23.
HaggerMSChatzisarantisNLBarkoukisV (2005) Perceived autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: a cross-cultural evaluation of the trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology97: 287–301.
24.
HalvariHUlstadSOBagøienTE (2009) Autonomy support and its links to physical activity and competitive performance: mediations through motivation, competence, action orientation and harmonious passion, and the moderator role of autonomy support by perceived competence. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research53: 533–555.
25.
HarterS (1978) Effectance motivation reconsidered: toward a developmental model. Human Development21: 34–64.
26.
HayesAF (2009) Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs76: 408–420.
27.
HuLBentlerPM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling6: 1–55.
28.
JaakkolaTLiukkonenJOmmundsenY (2008) The relationship between situational and contextual self-determined motivation and physical activity intensity as measured by heart rates during ninth grade students’ physical education classes. European Physical Education Review14: 13–31.
29.
KalajaSJaakkolaTWattA (2010) The associations between seventh grade Finnish students’ motivational climate, perceived competence, self-determined motivation and fundamental movement skills. European Physical Education Review5: 315–335.
30.
LonsdaleCSabistonCMRaedekeTD (2009) Self-determined motivation and students' physical activity during structured physical education lessons and free choice periods. Preventive Medicine48: 69–73.
31.
McKenzieTL (2007) The preparation of physical educators: a public health perspective. Quest59: 346–357.
32.
MageauGAVallerandRJ (2003) The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. Journal of Sports Science21: 883–904.
33.
MorganKCarpenterP (2002) Effects of manipulating the motivational climate in physical education lessons. European Physical Education Review8: 207–229.
NaderPRBradleyRHHoutsRM (2008) Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years. Journal of American Medical Association300: 295–305.
36.
NichollsJG (1989) The Competitive Ethos and Democratic Education. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press.
37.
NtoumanisN (2005) A prospective study of participation in optional school physical education using a self-determination theory framework. Journal of Educational Psychology97: 444–453.
38.
OmmundsenYEikanger-KvaloS (2007) Autonomy-mastery, supportive or performance focused? Different teacher behaviours and pupils' outcomes in physical education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research51: 385–413.
39.
ParishLETreasureDC (2003) Physical activity and situational motivation in physical education: influence of the motivational climate and perceived ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport74: 173–182.
40.
PelletierLGFortierMSVallerandRJ (1995) Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology17: 35–53.
41.
ProchaskaJJSallisJFLongB (2001) A physical activity screening measure for the use with adolescents in primary care. Archives in Pediatric Adolescence Medicine155, 554–559.
42.
RobertsGCTreasureDCKavussanuM (1996) Orthogonality of achievement goals and its relationship to beliefs about success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist10: 398–408.
43.
RyanRMConnellJP (1989) Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining the reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology57: 749–761.
44.
RyanRMWilliamsGCPatrickH (2009) Self-determination theory and physical activity: the dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology6:107–124.
45.
SallisJFProchaskaJJTaylorWC (2000) A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise32: 963–975.
46.
SchaferJL (1997) Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. New York: Chapman & Hall.
47.
ShavelsonRJBolusR (1982). Self-concept: the interplay of theory and methods. Journal of Educational Psychology74: 3–17.
48.
ShephardRJ (2003) Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. British Journal of Sports Medicine37:197–206.
49.
SoiniMLiukkonenJJaakkolaT (2004) Koululiikunnan motivaatioilmastomittarin validointi – koettua pätevyyttä, autonomiaa ja sosiaalista yhteenkuuluvuutta edistävän ilmaston yhteys itsearvioituun fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen [The validation of Intrinsic Motivation Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire]. Liikunta ja tiede [Sport and Science]41: 58–63.
50.
StandageMDudaJLNtoumanisN (2003) A model of contextual motivation in physical education: using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology95: 97–110.
51.
StandageMDudaJLNtoumanisN (2005) A test of self-determination theory in school physical education. British Journal of Educational Psychology75: 411–433.
52.
StandageMDudaJLNtoumanisN (2006) Students’ motivational processes and their relationship to teacher ratings in school physical education: a self-determination theory approach. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport77: 100–110.
53.
TelamaRYangX (2000) Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise32: 1617–1622.
54.
TelamaRYangXViikariJ (2005) Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine3: 267–273.
55.
TheeboomMde KnopPWeissMR (1995) Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children’s sport: a field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology17: 294–311.
56.
VallerandRJFortierMS (1998) Measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: a review and critique. In: DudaJ (ed.) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement. Morgantown, USA: Fitness Information Technology, pp.81–101.
57.
VallerandRJLosierGF (1999) An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology11: 142–169.
58.
WallheadTLNtoumanisN (2004) Effects of a sport education intervention on students’ motivational responses in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education23: 4–18.
59.
WeigandDABurtonS (2002) Manipulating achievement motivation in physical education by manipulating the motivational climate. European Journal of Sport Science2 (1). Available at: http://www.humankinetics.com/ejss
60.
Yli-PiipariSWangJCKJaakkolaTLiukkonenJ. (2012) Examining the role of physical education in the development of adolescent physical activity: a person-oriented approach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology24(4): 401–417
