Central vein sign and other radiographic features distinguishing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica

Abstract

Background:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) can radiographically mimic multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Central vein sign (CVS) prevalence has not yet been well-established in MOGAD.

Objective:

Characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance and CVS prevalence of MOGAD patients in comparison to matched cohorts of MS and AQP4+ NMOSD.

Methods:

Clinical MRIs from 26 MOGAD patients were compared to matched cohorts of MS and AQP4+ NMOSD. Brain MRIs were assessed for involvement within predefined regions of interest. CVS was assessed by overlaying fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and susceptibility-weighted sequences. Topographic analyses were performed on spinal cord and orbital MRIs when available.

Results:

MOGAD patients had fewer brain lesions and average CVS+ rate of 12.1%, compared to 44.4% in MS patients (p = 0.0008). MOGAD spinal cord and optic nerve involvement was lengthier than MS (5.8 vs 1.0 vertebral segments, p = 0.020; 3.0 vs 0.5 cm, p < 0.0001). MOGAD patients tended to have bilateral/anterior optic nerve pathology with perineural contrast enhancement, contrasting with posterior optic nerve involvement in NMOSD.

Conclusion:

CVS+ rate and longer segments of involvement in the spinal cord and optic nerve can differentiate MOGAD from MS, but do not discriminate as well between MOGAD and AQP4+ NMOSD.