Galling wear between ASTM 6061 aluminum and grade D2 tool steel

Abstract

In the automotive industry, galling is a huge problem either for the tool life or the quality of the stamping metal component. Galling is a severe form of scuffing associated with gross damage to the surface or failure. This work aims to carry out a series of experiments of galling tests at different loads and similar roughness with 6061 aluminum and D2 steel, common materials used in automotive components and tools respectively. A tribometer was employed to generate Galling wear, the button-on-button configuration, according to the ASTM G-196-08 standard. The results show the threshold of minimum load without galling wear. Post-test-surface analysis of the specimens was conducted by confocal microscopy to identify the damage generated during the wear tests. Additionally, a couple of friction tests were carried only to illustrate the friction coefficient behavior under galling conditions.

Keywords

Galling roughness wear adhesion stamping manufacturing confocal microscopy

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Kakulite

Panwar

Kandasubramanian

. A review: advancements in fluoro-based polymers for aggrandizing anti-galling and wear resistant characteristics. Appl Sci [Internet] 2019; 1: 932. Available in: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0924-3

Aguirre

Torres

Hernández

EAG

. Roughness effect on friction coefficient in galling adhesive wear test. Asociación Española de Ingeniería Mecánica 2016; 1: 1719–1723.

Hanson

. On adhesion and galling in metal forming. PhD, Thesis, Switzerland: UPPSALA, 2008.

INEGI. Industria manufacturera. Cuéntame de México [Internet]. INEGI.org.mx. [2nd February 2021]. Available in: http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/economia/secundario/manufacturera/default.aspx?tema = E (accessed 30 April 2021).

Aceros especiales [Internet]. Aceroslevinson.com. 2010 [20th May 2021]. Available in: http://www.aceroslevinson.com/aceros/gradoherramienta/

6061 Aluminum Properties & Uses [Internet]. Hydro.com. [15th February 2021]. Available in: https://www.hydro.com/en-us/profiles/6061-aluminum-properties-uses/

Metals

. Applications of 6061 aluminum alloy [Internet]. Howard precision. 2020 [22nd May 2021]. Available in: https://www.howardprecision.com/applications-of-6061-aluminum-alloy/

Fayomi

OSI

Popoola

API

Udoye

. Effect of alloying element on the integrity and functionality of aluminiumbased alloy. In: Aluminium alloys - recent trends in processing, characterization, mechanical behavior and applications. InTech, 2017; 12–21. Available in: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71399

European Aluminium Association. Aluminium in cars Unlocking the light-weight potential [Internet]. www.aluerope.eu. [24th May 2021]. https://www.europeanaluminium.eu/media/1326/aluminium-in-cars-unlocking-the-lightweighting-potential.pdf

10.

HENKEL IBERICA S.A. Los materiales para carrocerías de automóviles actuales [Internet]. HENKEL IBERICA S.A. 2020[20th May 2021]. https://blog.reparacionvehiculos.es/articulo-tecnico-que-materiales-se-utilizan-en-la-fabricacion-de-las-carrocerias

11.

Procesos de estampado [Internet]. Weebly.com. [26th July 2021]. https://conformadomecanicodepiezas.weebly.com/procesos-de-estampado.html

12.

Arcelormittal.com. [21st June 2021]. https://industeel.arcelormittal.com/fichier/ds-tool-d2/

13.

Chávez

CAG

. Recuperación de dados para estampado de acero grado D2 mediante procesos de soldadura utilizados en la industria automotriz. Thesis, Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales, Saltillo, Coahuila, México, 2012.

14.

ASTM. Standard test method for galling resistance of material couples ASTM G196-08. USA: ASTM, 2016.

15.

TK Fortinox S.A. Aceros para herramienta. ISO 9001; 2009.

16.

Torrejón

CCD

. Estudio teórico de afinidades y propiedades electrónicas de cúmulos de tierras alcalinas (Be, Mg y Ca). San Luis Potosí, México: Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., 2010.

17.

Izquierdo

ASM

. La evolución del concepto de afinidad analizada desde el modelo de S. Toulmin. Barcelona, España: UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA, Llull; 1999, 13: 349–378.

18.

Madrid

. Tecnología de la adhesión. España: LOCTITE España, pp. 7–13.

19.

Sondergaard

. Redox potential. In: ELSEVIER (ed) Encyclopedia of inland waters. Elsevier, 2009, pp. 852–859. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00115-0

20.

Infobloom. What Is Redox Potential?, [1st September, 2021]. https://www.infobloom.com/what-is-redox-potential.htm