Abstract
BACKGROUND
Although combustible cigarette use is an established risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease, there is conflicting evidence for the association of electronic cigarette use with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity.
METHODS
Study participants were from the Kaiser Permanente Research Bank (KPRB), a biorepository that includes adult Kaiser Permanente members from across the United States. Starting in April 2020, electronic surveys were sent to KPRB members to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These surveys collected information on self-report of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-related risk factors, including electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette smoking history. We also used electronic health records data to assess COVID-19 diagnoses, positive PCR lab tests, hospitalizations, and death. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection between individuals by e-cigarette use categories (never, former, and current). Among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs comparing the odds of hospitalization or death within 30 days of infection between individuals by e-cigarette use categories.
RESULTS
There were 126,475 individuals who responded to the survey and completed questions on e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use (48% response rate). Among survey respondents, 819 (1%) currently used e-cigarettes, 3,691 (3%) formerly used e-cigarettes, and 121,965 (96%) had never used e-cigarettes. After adjustment for demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors, there was no association with SARS-CoV-2 infection and former e-cigarette use (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99; CI: 0.83–1.18) or current e-cigarette use (HR = 1.08; CI: 0.76–1.52). Among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was no association with hospitalization or death within 30 days of infection and former e-cigarette use (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19; CI: 0.59–2.43) or current e-cigarette use (OR = 1.02; CI: 0.22–4.74).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that e-cigarette use is not associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 illness.
Introduction
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes current and former smoking of combustible cigarettes on the list of “underlying conditions” that increase risk for severe COVID-19 disease. 1 This is supported by a meta-analysis of 40 studies that concluded the risk of severe COVID-19 disease and death was more than double among current combustible cigarette smokers. 2 Despite evidence linking combustible cigarette use to poor COVID-19 outcomes, the association between electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and COVID-19 is unclear and in need of further investigation. 3 One study among youth aged 13–24 years old reported an increased risk of a self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis associated with having ever used e-cigarettes but no association with current e-cigarette use. 4 Another study used an ecological study design to demonstrate an association between increased state-wide e-cigarette use prevalence and increased numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths. 5 However, two other studies in multi-aged cohorts that used survey data to collect self-reported COVID-19 diagnoses or electronic health records to assess COVID-19 diagnoses reported no association of e-cigarette use with SARS-CoV-2 infection.6,7 The objective of this study was to determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 disease associated with e-cigarette use in a large cohort in the United States.
Methods
Study participants were from the Kaiser Permanente Research Bank (KPRB), a biorepository that includes adult Kaiser Permanente (KP) members from across the United States (https://researchbank.kaiserpermanente.org/). All KPRB participants provided written informed consent for survey completion, electronic health record (EHR) access, and biospecimen collection. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at KP Mid-Atlantic States, the IRB of record for the KPRB.
Starting in April 2020, electronic surveys aimed at assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic were sent to all KPRB members who were enrolled in a KP health plan on April 1, 2020; this included approximately 270,000 KPRB members. The initial COVID-19 pandemic survey collected information on SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential COVID-related risk factors, including e-cigarette and combustible cigarette smoking history. The survey included standardized instruments based on Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Surveys to assess nicotine use, including type and recency of use. 8 Among those who completed the initial COVID-19 pandemic survey, up to 11 follow-up surveys were sent via email from May 2020 through January 2021. SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified using (1) self-report of a positive COVID-19 test on a follow-up survey; (2) COVID-19 diagnosis codes (U07.1) from EHR data; and/or (3) COVID-19 positive PCR tests in the EHR. Among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we used EHR data to identify those with hospitalization or death within 30 days of infection.
We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection between individuals by e-cigarette use categories (never, former, and current). Cohort members without SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to initial COVID survey completion were followed for infection from the time of initial COVID survey completion through November 30, 2020 or March 31, 2021, depending on EHR data availability. Members were censored at the date of disenrollment from the health plan, death, or study follow-up completion. Among those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs comparing the 30-day odds of hospitalization or death between individuals by e-cigarette use categories. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, KP region, combustible cigarette use (pack-years), marijuana use (never, former, and current), body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity score. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina).
Results
Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Relation to E-Cigarette Use (N = 126 475).
a Adjusted for age at COVID baseline survey, sex, race, ethnicity, region, combustible cigarette smoking pack-years, marijuana use, body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity score.
Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for Hospitalization or Death Within 30 Days of Infection in Relation to E-Cigarette Use Among Those With SARS-CoV-2 Infection (N = 3,219).
a Adjusted for age at COVID baseline survey, sex, race, ethnicity, region, combustible cigarette smoking pack-years, marijuana use, body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity score.
Discussion
Our results suggest that e-cigarette use is not associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 illness. These results are consistent with reports from prior studies that use survey and/or EHR data to assess e-cigarette use and SARS-CoV-2 infection in multi-aged cohorts.6,7 E-cigarette use has been linked to increased risk of bacterial lung infection, 9 pulmonary toxicity, and other harms, 10 but our results do not support the inclusion of e-cigarettes in CDC’s list of “underlying conditions” for increased severe COVID-19 illness. Thus, given the limited supply of effective medications to mitigate risk of severe COVID-19 disease in those infected with SARS-CoV-2, electronic cigarette use alone should not be considered an indication for anti-viral therapy or monoclonal antibody use.
This is one of the largest studies to date to examine the association between e-cigarette use and COVID-19 outcomes and included a well-characterized cohort with ascertainment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity from multiple sources, including electronic health records. Despite these strengths, our results should be interpreted considering several limitations. First, e-cigarette use was based on self-report and may be under-reported due to stigma associated with nicotine use. Also, the study cohort included an insured population and is not representative of uninsured populations in the United States. Finally, we were unable to assess severity of COVID-19 illness in those with dual e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use due to limited numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in this subgroup. Additional research on COVID disease severity is needed in those with dual e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use.
Footnotes
DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
FUNDING
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Data used in this study were provided by the Kaiser Permanente Research Bank (KPRB) from the KPRB collection, which includes the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), funded by the National Institutes of Health [RC2 AG036607 (Schaefer and Risch)], the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Wayne and Gladys Valley Foundation, The Ellison Medical Foundation, and the Kaiser Permanente Community Benefits Program. Access to data used in this study may be obtained by application to the KPRB at kp.org/researchbank/researchers. This research study was also supported in part by Kaiser Permanente’s Office of Community Health, as part of their Tobacco Research Program. The views and opinions expressed in this article are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of Kaiser Permanente.
