When Māori arrived at Aotearoa (New Zealand), they enjoyed an exclusive relationship with their country’s geothermal resources, which they valued spiritually and physically. After European settlement, this relationship was no longer exclusive, and Māori thereafter held spiritual, physical, and additionally, political values towards geothermal resources in their attempt to remain relevant in Aotearoa’s geothermal industry. In recent history, these values have been overlooked and forgotten by many, including some Māori, due to a certain ignorance displayed by those who practised modern and more invasive forms of geothermal management and development. The presented study involved a series of wānanga (Māori-based workshops), first to discuss the history regarding these values and thereby recognising where they originated from, and second to reinterpret these values as indicators of cultural sustainability, such that they may be more practically accounted for when considering the management and development of geothermal resources in Aotearoa.
AltmanJ. (2012). Indigenous rights, mining corporations, and the Australian State. In SawyerS.GomezE. T. (Eds.), The politics of resource extraction: International political economy series (pp. 46–74). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230368798_4
3.
BarghM. (2012). Rethinking and re-shaping Indigenous economies: Māori geothermal energy enterprises. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 6(3), 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506201211258423
BoastR. (1995). Geothermal resources in New Zealand: A legal history. Canterbury Law Review, 6, 1–24.
7.
BrownD. (2005). The Story of Ngatoroirangi Toa Matarau (pp. 2). Taupō District Council.
8.
ClimoM.MilicichS.WhiteB. (2016). A history of geothermal direct use development in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geothermics, 59, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.004
DiPippoR. (2012). Geothermal power plants: Principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact. Butterworth-Heinemann.
11.
DoormanP.McLeodJ. (2018, November14–16). The changing face of geothermal system management plans in New Zealand. New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Taupo, New Zealand.
Hohepa-WateneT. K. (2016). Te Pātaka Kōrero ā Te Hiko-o-te-rangi Hohepa [A storage of the knowledge of Te Hiko-o-terangi Hohepa]. Microfilm Digital Print Limited.
17.
JosephR.BennionT. (2002, October9–10). Maori values and Tikanga consultation under the RMA 1991 and the local government bill: Possible ways forward. Inaugural Maori Legal Forum Conference, Wellington, New Zealand.
18.
KawharuM. (2000). Kaitiakitanga: A Maori anthropological perspective of the Maori socio-environmental ethic of resource management. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 109(4), 349–370.
Orta-MartínezM.FinerM. (2010). Oil frontiers and Indigenous resistance in the Peruvian Amazon. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 207–218.
25.
ParsonsM.FisherK. (2020). Indigenous peoples and transformations in freshwater governance and management. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 44, 124–139.
26.
ParsonsM.TaylorL.CreaseR. (2021). Indigenous environmental justice within marine ecosystems: A systematic review of the literature on Indigenous peoples’ involvement in marine governance and management. Sustainability, 13(8), 4217.
27.
ReismanW. M. (1995). Protecting Indigenous rights in international adjudication. American Journal of International Law, 89(2), 350–362.
RuckstuhlK.Thompson-FawcettM.RaeH. (2014). Māori and mining: Indigenous perspectives on reconceptualising and contextualising the social licence to operate. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 32(4), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2014.929782
31.
StaffordD. M. (1995). Te Whakarewarewa: A brief guide to the place and its people. Rotorua Printers.
32.
StokesE. (2000). The legacy of Ngatoroirangi: Maori customary use of geothermal resources. Department of Geography, University of Waikato. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/6323
33.
United Nations Global Compact. (2007). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Resolution / adopted by the General Assembly. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/
34.
von der PortenS.OtaY.Cisneros-MontemayorA.PictouS. (2019). The role of Indigenous resurgence in marine conservation. Coastal Management, 47(6), 527–547.
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
