This article investigates the colonialist definitions of the terms “orphan” and “adoption”, contrasting them with how the traditional practice of child circulation in Fiji cared for orphaned children. I examine whether the terms “orphan”, “adoption” or “informal adoption” are equal to (or even appropriate) when describing child circulation practices in Fiji, and whether these terms and practice have had an effect on the status of the child with these labels within their own community.
BelshawC. S. (1964). Under the Ivi tree: Society and economic growth in rural Fiji. London, England: Routledge.
2.
BlackH. C. (Ed.). (1891). A dictionary of law: Definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
BrisonK. J. (2007). Our wealth is loving each other: Self and society in Fiji. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
5.
CapellA. (Ed.). (1968). The Fijian dictionary (3rd ed.). Suva: Government of Fiji.
6.
FisonL. (1881). Land tenure in Fiji. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 10, 332–352. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841531
7.
FisonL. (1907a). Journal of Lorimer Fison 1866-1873 and notes. Unpublished manuscript, Dunedin, NZ.
8.
FisonL. (1907b). Tales from old Fiji. Papakura, NZ: R. McMillan.
9.
FranceP. (1969). The charter of the land: Custom and colonization in Fiji. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Oxford University Press.
10.
GriffithK. (1997). New Zealand adoption: History and practice social and legal 1840-1996. Wellington, NZ: K.C. Griffith.
11.
GrimshawP.MayA. (2010). Reappraisals of mission history: An introduction. In GrimshawP.MayA. (Eds.), Missionaries, indigenous people and cultural exchange (pp. 1–9). Eastbourne, UK: Sussex Academic Press.
12.
HocartA. (1919). Early Fijians. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 49, 42–51.
13.
HuardL. A. (1955). The Law of adoption: Ancient and modern. Vanderbilt Law Review, 9, 743–763.
14.
JacobsM. D. (2014). A generation removed: The fostering and adoption of indigenous children in the postwar world. London, England: University of Nebraska Press.
15.
LasaqaI. (1984). The Fijian people: Before and after independence. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National University Press.
16.
LiftonB. J. (1983). Journey of the adopted self. New York, NY: Basic Books.
17.
LindsayH. (2011). Adoption and heirship in Greece and Rome. In RawsonB. (Ed.), A companion to families in the Greek and Roman worlds (pp. 346–360). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
18.
LukereV. (1997). Mothers of the Taukei: Fijian women and “the decrease of the race.”Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National University.
19.
MaudeH. E. (1964). Beachcombers and castaways. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 73, 254–293.
20.
McFersonH. M. (1982). “Part-Black Americans” in the South Pacific. Phylon, 43, 177–180. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/274466
21.
MikaereA. (1994). Maori women: Caught in the contradictions of a colonised reality. Waikato Law Review, 2, 125–149.
22.
NayacakalouR. R. (1955). The Fijian system of kinship and marriage: Part I. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 64, 44–55.
23.
NewmanE. (2011). “A right to be Māori?” Identity formation of Māori adoptees. Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago.
24.
NewmanE. (2018). Colonial intervention on guardianship and “adoption” practices in Fiji 1874-1970 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ.
25.
NicoleR. (2011). Disturbing history: Resistance in early colonial Fiji. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
26.
PollockN. J. (1989). The early development of housekeeping and imports in Fiji. Pacific Studies, 12, 53–82.
27.
PresserS. B. (1971). The historical background of the American Law of Adoption. Journal of Family Law, 11, 443–516.
28.
QuainB. (1948). Fijian village. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
29.
RavuvuA. (1971). Dependency as a determinant of kinship terminology. The Journal of Polynesian Society, 80, 480–484. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20704809
30.
RavuvuA. (1983). Vaka i Taukei: The Fijian way of life. Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific.
31.
ReedA. W.HamesI. (1967). Myths & legends of Fiji. Auckland, NZ: A. H. & A.W. Reed.
32.
RothG. K. (1953). Fijian way of life. London, England: Oxford University Press.
33.
SahlinsM. (2013). What kinship is–And is not. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
34.
ScarrD. (Ed.). (1983). Fiji: The three-legged stool: Selected writings of Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna. London, UK: Macmillan Education.
35.
ScarrD. (1984). Fiji: A short history. Hempstead, NY: Allen & Unwin.
36.
SoanesC.StevensonA. (Eds.). (2008). Concise Oxford English dictionary (11th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
37.
SpencerD. M. (1939). The composition of the family as a factor in the behavior of children in Fijian society. Sociometry, 2, 47–55.
38.
ThomsonB. (1908). The Fijians: A study of the decay of custom. Available from www.gutenberg.org
39.
ThornleyA. W. (1979). “Heretics” and “Papists”: Wesleyan-Roman Catholic Rivalry in Fiji, 1844-1903. Journal of Religious History, 10, 294–312.
40.
TurpinE. J. (1894). The diary and narratives of Edwin James Turpin 1870-1894 (Transcribed from the original manuscript by A. I. Diamond). Unpublished manuscript, Suva, Fiji.
41.
WanhallaA. (2013). Matters of the heart: A history of interracial marriage in New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Auckland University Press.
42.
WaterhouseJ. (1997). The king and people of Fiji. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
43.
WeirC. (1998). Fiji and the Fijians: Two modes of missionary discourse. Journal of Religious History, 22, 152–167.
44.
WhiteC. M. (2006). Moving up the ranks: Chiefly status, prestige, and schooling in colonial Fiji. History of Education Quarterly, 46, 532–570. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462102
45.
WilliamsT.CalvertJ.RoweG. S. (1858). Fiji and the Fijians: Vol. 1. The islands and their inhabitants (RoweG. S., Ed.). London, England: Alexander Heylin.
46.
YoungJ. M. R. (1968). Frontier society in Fiji 1858-1873. Adelaide, South Australia, Australia: The University of Adelaide.
