This article considers some key themes in messages promoted to New Zealand Māori by European colonists. With a focus on the period prior to 1870 when a number of factors came together to end Māori economic dominance, it considers whether the promoters of those messages were correct to claim that Indigenous peoples were not interested in material benefit or that individual ownership and individual endeavour for personal advantage were a greater spur to labour and productivity. Evidence pertaining to Māori is set against similar evidence from North America to argue that claims of laziness, incompetence, and inefficient land use were not merely incorrect but served to justify the transfer of land ownership from Māori to settlers in a process which appears to have parallels in North America and elsewhere.
AdamsP. (1977). Fatal necessity: British intervention in New Zealand 1830-1847.Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press & Auckland University Press.
2.
AlatasS. H. (1977). The myth of the lazy Native: A study of the image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th century and its function in the ideology of colonial capitalism.London, England: Cass.
3.
AtkinsK. E. (1993). The moon is dead! Give us our money!: The cultural origins of an African work ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843-1900.London: Heinemann.
4.
Auckland and New Ulster Agricultural and Horticultural Society. (1850, January 31). Maori Messenger: Ko te Karere Maori, p. 1.
5.
BallaraA. (2004). Tribal landscape overview, c.1800-c. 1900 in the Taupō, Rotorua, Kaingaroa and national park inquiry districts (commissioned overview report).Wellington, New Zealand: Crown Forestry Rental Trust.
6.
BarshR. L. (1987). Plains Indian agrarianism and class conflict.Great Plains Quarterly, 7(2), 83–90.
7.
BelgraveM. (2005). Historical frictions: Maori claims and reinvented histories.Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
8.
BoastR. (2008). Buying the land, selling the land.Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press.
9.
BrowneT. R. G. (1856). Browne to Labouchere, 31 May 1856, Enc. 1 in No. 96.Great Britain Parliamentary Papers, Vol. 10.Shannon, Ireland: Irish University Press.
10.
BullerW. (1862). Mr. Buller's final report on the partition and individualization of the Kaiapoi reserve.Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1862 Session I, E-05, p. 11.
11.
BusbyJ. (1866). Our colonial empire and the case of New Zealand.London, England: Williams and Norgate.
12.
ButtleG. (1855, June 23). Buttle, George, to sister, 23 Jun 1855. [Transcript].Letters to and from members of the Newman family, 1853-1868 (MS 483). Auckland War Memorial Museum Library, Auckland, New Zealand.
13.
CarrickR. (Ed.). (1998). Historical records of New Zealand South prior to 1840 (Facsimile ed.). Christchurch, New Zealand: Kiwi.
14.
ChampagneD. (2004). Tribal capitalism and native capitalists: Multiple pathways of Native economy. In HosmerB. C., & O'NeillC. M. (Eds.), Native pathways: American Indian culture and economic development in the twentieth century (pp. 308–329). Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
15.
CoatesK. (2004). A global history of indigenous peoples: Struggle and survival.New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
16.
ColpittsG. (2014). North America's Indian trade in European commerce and imagination, 1580-1850.Boston, MA: Brill.
17.
Editorial. (1854, October 17). Southern Cross, p. 3.
18.
ElderJ. R. (Ed.). (1932). The letters and journals of Samuel Marsden, 1765-1838.Dunedin, New Zealand: Coulls Somerville Wilkie and A. H. Reed for the Otago University Council.
19.
FirthR. (1959). Economics of the New Zealand Maori.Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
20.
FoxW. (1866). The war in New Zealand (Facsimile ed.). London, England: Smith, Elder and Co.
21.
GiffordW. H., & WilliamsH. B. (1940). A centennial history of Tauranga.Dunedin, New Zealand: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
22.
GreyG. (1862). Speeches of Governor Sir George Grey and native chiefs at meetings in Waikato December, 1861.Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1862 Session I, E-08, p. 10.
23.
HargreavesR. P. (1963). Changing Māori agriculture in pre-Waitangi New Zealand.Journal of the Polynesian Society, 72(2), 101–117.
24.
HarmonA. (2003). American Indians and land monopolies in the Gilded Age.Journal of American History, 90(1), 105–133.
25.
HarmonA. (2010). Rich Indians: Native people and the problem of wealth in American history.Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
26.
He kupu whakaari ki te iwi Maori [An appeal to the Māori people]. (1884, August 15). Te Korimako, (supplement), p. 8.
27.
HoxieF. E. (1995). Parading through history: The making of the Crow nation in America, 1805-1935.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
28.
JohnsonJ. (1959). Notes from a journal. In TaylorN. M. (Ed.), Early travellers in New Zealand (pp. 116–185). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
29.
KempH. T. (1853, July 20). Kemp, Henry Tacy, notation by, on Hori and others to Grey, 20 Jul 1853. [Unpublished manuscript]. Letter 411, GNZ MA. Auckland City Library, Auckland, New Zealand.
30.
KempH. T. (1901, May 28). Kemp to Hocken, 28 May 1901. [Unpublished manuscript]. MS 451/8. Hocken Library, Dunedin, New Zealand.
31.
LoughnanR. A. (1908). New Zealand at home.London, England: G. Newnes.
32.
MarsdenS. (1961). Marsden and the New Zealand Mission: Sixteen letters.Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press.
33.
McLeanG. (2001). Captain's log: New Zealand's maritime history.Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder Moa Beckett.
34.
MeaneyT., TrinickT., & FairhallU. (2012). Collaborating to meet language challenges in indigenous mathematics classrooms.Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
35.
MerrillR. S. (1954). Some social and cultural influences on economic growth: The case of the Maori.Journal of Economic History, 14(4), 401–408.
36.
MetgeJ. (1992). Cross cultural communication and land transfer in western Muriwhenua 1832-1840. Report for the Waitangi Tribunal WAI 45, Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington, New Zealand, F3.
37.
MoninP. (2001). Maori schooners: Issues of economics, culture and agency. Paper presented at the New Zealand Historical Association Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand.
NugentC. L. (1854). Native Secretary, to Colonial Secretary, Auckland, 1 August 1854, IA1, 1854/2484.Wellington, New Zealand: Archives New Zealand.
40.
Origin of the wealth of the English people. (1849, February 1 to March 29). Maori Messenger: Ko te Karere Maori. [Series].
41.
Original correspondence. (1847a, July 17). Daily Southern Cross, p. 3.
42.
Original correspondence. (1847b, February 13). New Zealander, p. 3.
43.
ParsonsonA. (1981). The pursuit of mana. In OliverW. H., & WilliamsB. R. (Eds.), The Oxford history of New Zealand (pp. 140–167). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
44.
PetrieH. (1998). The “lazy Maori”: Pakeha representations of a Maori work ethic: 1890-1940 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
45.
PetrieH. (2005). Bitter recollections? Thomas Chapman and Benjamin Ashwell on flourmills and ships in the mid-nineteenth century.New Zealand Journal of History, 39(1), 1–21.
46.
PetrieH. (2006). Chiefs of industry: Maori tribal enterprise in early colonial New Zealand.Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
47.
PrichardM. L. (1970). An economic history of New Zealand to 1939.Auckland, New Zealand: Collins.
48.
RichardsR., & ChisholmJ. (1992). Bay of Islands shipping arrivals and departures, 1803-1840.Wellington, New Zealand: Paremata Press.
49.
RogersF. (1995). Ranulph Dacre and Patuone's topknot.Stout Centre Review, 5(1), 13–18.
50.
RutherfordJ. (1961). Sir George Grey: A study in colonial government.London, England: Cassell.
51.
SalmondA. (1993). Two worlds: First meetings of Maori and Europeans, 1642-1772.Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books.
52.
SalmondA. (1997). Between worlds: Early exchanges between Maori and Europeans 1773-1815.Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books.
53.
ScottD. (2002). Pioneers of New Zealand wine.Auckland, New Zealand: Reed/Southern Cross.
54.
SeedP. (2001). American pentimento: The invention of Indians and the pursuit of riches.Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
55.
SmithA. (1776). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.London, England: Methuen and Co.
56.
SwainsonW. (1859). New Zealand and its colonization.London, England: Smith, Elder and Co.
57.
TaratoaH. W. (1858). He pukapuka whiha [sic: whika] tenei hei ako ma nga tangata e hiahia ana ki te rapu ki nga ritenga o te whika [This is a mathematics book for teaching people who wish to understand the practice of mathematics]. Wellington, New Zealand: George Watson.
58.
ThompsonE. P. (1967). Time, work-discipline, and industrial capitalism.Past and Present, 38, 56–97.
59.
ThomsonA. S. (1859). The story of New Zealand: Past and present—Savage and civilized (Vol. II).London, England: John Murray.
60.
ToughF. (1990). Indian economic behaviour, exchange and profits in northern Manitoba during the decline of monopoly, 1870-1930.Journal of Historical Geography, 16(4), 385–401.
61.
UsnerD. (2009). Indian work: Language and livelihood in Native American history.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62.
WhelanM. K. (1993). Dakota economics and the nineteenth-century fur trade.Ethnohistory, 40(2), 246–276.
63.
WishartD. M. (1995). Evidence of surplus production in the Cherokee Nation prior to removal.Journal of Economic History, 55(1), 120–138.
64.
YateW. (1835). An account of New Zealand: And of the formation and progress of the Church Missionary Society's mission in the Northern Island (2nd ed.). London, England: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside.
