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Abstract

Background:

Creating Vascular Access Teams (VAT) provides an expert nursing role that contributes to the training and continuous improvement of healthcare personnel. They can offer greater clinical safety, reducing complications and costs. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and midline catheters (ML) can be safe and cost-effective alternatives to other types of venous access (VA). The aim of the study was to analyse our centre’s VAT first 12 months of activity. The primary outcome was reported complications. Secondary outcomes were cause of catheter removal, consultancy activity and economic impact of VAT implantation.

Methodology:

A longitudinal, descriptive study was carried out from March 2019 to March 2020. Using consecutive sampling, all VA inserted, and all consults received were included. Patients under 18 years of age were excluded.

Results:

The VAT inserted 1257 catheters into 1056 patients (291 MLs, 966 PICCs). The mean dwell time was 14.9 days for MLs and 59.07 days for PICCs. The main reason for removing VA was end of treatment (80.7%). During VA follow-up confirmed infection was detected in 1 ML (0.3%) and nine PICCs (0.9%). Symptomatic thrombosis was reported in 2 MLs (0.7%) and 16 PICCs (1.7%). The VAT received 367 consultations, and the main reason for consultation was to resolve doubts regarding the management of VA (80.9%). The insertion of ML and PICC catheters represented annual estimated economic savings of €867,688.44€.

Conclusions:

Our study provides a detailed analysis of VAT’s activity, its relevance to clinical safety, and to efficient resource management within our hospital. It demonstrates how VAT establishment can be a safe and efficient intervention that enhances care quality.

Keywords

Vascular Access Team Vascular Access peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)midline catheter catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)thrombosis

Introduction

The management and care of venous access (VA) falls within nurses’ responsibilities. Nurses must constantly update themselves to maintain technical competence¹ and reduce potential complications associated with the insertion and management of VA. The continuous evolution of intravenous therapy has led to the creation of the role of VA expert nurses.^2–4

Vascular Access Teams (VAT) assess, insert, manage, perform surveillance, analyse their service data, solve clinical concerns and where possible remove unnecessary VADs.^5,6 They also educate nursing staff and physicians in VAD care⁶. VATs may help to standardise VA care⁷ and increase adherence to evidence-based practices,⁴ helping ensure the use of the most appropriate device considering evidence-based guidelines and clinical evaluation. VAT could reduce the waiting time for central VA placement and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI).^5,7,8,9

In recent years, midline catheters (MLs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have been postulated as a safe and economical alternative to centrally inserted central venous catheters (CICCs).^10,11 This has meant a reduction in CRBSI and the disappearance of iatrogenic pneumothorax.^8,10,12 They can be inserted at the bedside, providing greater comfort to the patient whilst respecting insertion clinical safety.^11,13

The adaptability of PICCs allows for the administration of medium- to long-term treatments. Being central, they can also administer irritant and vesicant treatments, and parenteral nutrition (PN).¹³ PICCs have a low complication profile, are cost-effective¹⁴ and easy to remove. However, they are not exempt from complications, especially thrombosis, CRBSI, obstruction and accidental removal.^15–17

MLs are recommended for treatments up to 1–4 weeks. They are adequate for patients with difficult venous access and may represent an economic benefit when considering their early insertion.¹⁰ Since MLs are not a central access, they are not recommended for the administration of vesicant therapy, Parental Nutrition (PN) or infusions with pH <5 or >9, or osmolarity <750–850 mOsm/l.^18,19 Despite not being central, they are also not exempt from complications, such as thrombosis.^20–22

To the best of our knowledge, there are no randomised studies assessing the matter, but many pre-experimental and observational studies consistently argue that establishing a VAT could be beneficial by decreasing the incidence of CRBSI and reducing costs.^23–25 VAT implementation appears to be feasible, safe and cost-effective.^14,25 In 2011, our centre created an exclusive VAT for onco-haematological patients. In 2019, the centre’s management implemented a transversal intravenous therapy programme, with a VAT aimed at placement, monitoring, incident resolution and VA training, structured within a scientific evidence framework.

Most of the published studies that have analysed the implementation of a VAT have focused on critically ill patients or those with onco-haematological malignancies.^26–29 In this study, we analyse the VAT activity of a tertiary hospital during its first year of implementation in three medical and surgical clinical specialities.

Our aim was to analyse the VAT’s activity for 12 months since its implementation in March 2019 in three medical and surgical specialities of a tertiary hospital. The primary outcome was reported complications. Secondary outcomes were cause of catheter removal, consultancy activity and economic impact of VAT implantation.

Methods

Description of the intervention

The main objective of VAT is the adequate management of the venous capital of hospitalised patients. It aims to promote a culture of VA care that guarantees patient safety, quality of care, cost reduction, resource efficiency and the creation of an expert and up-to-date group on VA, a reference for all professionals at our centre.

To this end, a mandatory 7-h theoretical-practical training programme was developed for nurses, alongside informative sessions for physicians. A VAT comprising two nurses was created, with timetables from 8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., Monday to Friday. Both nurses were part of the specific VAT for patients with onco-haematological malignancies and, therefore, had extensive training and experience.

The functions of our centre’s VAT are synthetised in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Functions of the VAT.

The VA insertion was performed at the patient’s bed or the VAT consultation room, after receiving informed consent from the patient. Inserted catheters were 4 Fr 1 lumen MLs (Midclavicular tip positioning), 4 Fr 1 lumen PICCs or 5 Fr 2 lumen PICCs. No catheters occupying more than 45% of the vein diameter were inserted.¹⁸ An ultrasound-guided technique was used, maintaining maximum barrier protections and applying 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine as a skin disinfectant. The catheters were secured with the StatLock^® fixation system. The location of the PICC tip was confirmed with either a chest X-ray or IC-ECG system. Maintenance of the inserted VA was carried out by the nursing team responsible for the patient, who could consult the VAT, if necessary.

Study design, setting and dates

A longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted between March 2019 and March 2020.

The study was carried out in a tertiary-level public university hospital. The patients who required the insertion of a VA by the VAT were hospitalised, receiving at-home hospitalisation or outpatient care in three pilot clinical specialities: gastroenterology and metabolic medical specialities, a liver ICU; traumatology and orthopaedics, otorhinolaryngology, maxillofacial surgery, general and gastrointestinal surgery; medical and radiation oncology, and haematology. On exceptional occasions, VA placement was requested by other services.

Participants

Through consecutive sampling, all VA inserted by the VAT (PICCs and MLs) and all consultations received were included. We excluded patients under 18 years of age.

Variables and variable measurement

The demographic data of the patients, the reason for placement of the VA, the savings gained by its insertion, the characteristics of the VA and the appearance of complications during insertion were collected prospectively.

The consultations made to the VAT by the rest of the nursing professionals, as well as the reason and interventions carried out, were also collected prospectively. The analysis of this activity made it possible to record all VA-associated complications (having been placed or not by the VAT) reported to the VAT.

In the event of removal of the VA due to suspicion of infection, the microbiology service assessed whether CRBSI criteria were met. CRBSI was defined as the presence of at least one positive blood culture obtained peripherally in a patient with a VA and clinical signs of infection, and with no other identifiable focus of infection. At least one of the following criteria also had to be met: the obtention of positive catheter culture 2 h before the peripheral culture, or significant isolation of the same microorganism in the catheter tip culture, or 3:1 ratio of colony-forming units (CFU) per millilitre in catheter culture.³¹

For the economic analysis, prices were provided by the economic management of the hospital. These included material and labour costs. The cost reduction was calculated by subtracting the price of the implanted catheters (PICC or ML) from the avoided catheters (CICC or Implanted Central Venous Access Port (IVAP)). At-home hospitalisation day costs were subtracted from general hospitalisation costs and multiplied by the specific number of avoided inpatient days.

Data sources

Since the VAT implementation, all consultations received and VA inserted were recorded in an Access database. Subsequently, the VAT monitored the VA inserted to determine dwell time and reason for removal. Associated complications were recorded whenever the VAT was informed of their presence.

Bias

It is plausible that certain complications were not notified to the VAT and were resolved independently by nursing staff, therefore not being registered. Consequently, the results from follow-up complications should be carefully analysed and interpreted.

Statistical analysis

Qualitative variables were described with absolute frequencies and percentages. Quantitative variables were described by mean and standard deviation. Comparisons of categorical variables were made using the chi-squared test, and the t-student test for independent samples was used for continuous variables. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical programme R version 4.1.0. for Windows.

Ethical considerations

The study protocol was approved by the centre’s Ethics Committee. The study was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (version in force; currently Fortaleza, Brazil, October 2013) and in accordance with Law 14/2007 of July 3 on Biomedical Research. Personal data were pseudonymised, preserving their relationship with the original patient in a separate document.

Results

During the 12-month study period, the VAT inserted 1257 catheters in 1056 patients (291 ML, 23.2% and 966 PICC, 76.8%). Mean waiting time for placement was 0.13 days (range 0–4 days). The mean dwell time for MLs was 14.9 days (SD 19.9) and 59.1 days (SD 68.3) for PICCs, respectively. Demographic and clinical patient data, and characteristics of the inserted catheters are synthesised in Table 1.

Table 1.

Descriptive analysis of the sample.

Demographic, clinical and catheter variables	Midline (n = 291)	PICC (n = 966)
Age, mean ± SD (n = 1056)	66.61 ± 15.3	61.8 ± 14.5
Sex (n = 1056)
Female	133 (45.7%)	474 (49.1%)
Male	158 (54.3%)	492 (50.9%)
Speciality
Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology and Haematology	55 (18.9%)	607 (62.8%)
Gastrointestinal Surgery, General and Digestive Surgery, Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition	149 (51.2%)	260 (26.9%)
Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Rehabilitation and Rheumatology	82 (28.2%)	68 (7.0%)
Other	5 (1.7%)	31 (3.2%)
Admitted/outpatient
Admitted	286 (98.3%)	613 (63.4%)
Outpatient	5 (1.7%)	353 (36.5%)
Days waiting placement, mean ± range (n = 897)	0.13 (0-4 days) (n = 265)	0.11 ± 0.4 (n = 635)
Dwell time (days), mean ± SD	14.9 ± 19.9	59.1 ± 68.3
Procedure
New catheter		955 (98.9%)
Replacement		11 (1.1%)
Lumens
1	291 (100%)	622 (64.4%)
2	0	344 (35.6%)
Reason for insertion
Simple IV treatment (fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy and blood products)	246 (84.5%)	388 (40.2%)
Complex IV treatment (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, haematopoietic stem cell transplant)	6 (2.1%)	454 (47.0%)
Parenteral nutrition	0	47 (4.8%)
Other	39 (13.4%)	77 (8%)
Insertion vein
Right and left basilica	274 (94.2%)	921 (95.3%)
Right and left brachial	15 (5.1%)	42 (4.3%)
Right and left cephalic	1 (0.3%)	3 (0.3%)
Other	1 (0.3%)	0
Number of insertion attempts
1	280 (96.2%)	911/955^a (95.4%)
More than 1	11 (3.8%)	34/955 (3.6%)
Relocation in angioradiology	0	10/955 (1%)
Saving
CICC	281 (96.6%)	612 (63.3%)
IVAP	2 (0.7%)	328 (33.9%)
Admission	8 (2.7%)	26 (2.7%)

955 new catheters.

Fifty-nine PICCs could not be inserted: 15 due to non-progression of the catheter; four due to a vein of insufficient calibre or an inability to maintain the vein/catheter ratio <45%; 17 due to clinical reasons; and seven due to patient rejection. Of the 16 MLs not inserted, seven were for clinical reasons and three due to patient rejection.

Reasons for removal

The main reasons for removal at a global level were the end of treatment (1014 – 80.7%) and the change to another VA (86 – 6.8%) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Reasons for removal per device.

Reason for removal	Midline (n = 291)		PICC (n = 966)		Total (n = 1257)
Reason for removal	n (%)	/1000 days of catheter	n (%)	/1000 days of catheter	n (%)
Other	1 (0.3%)	0.23	9 (0.9%)	0.16	10 (0.8%)
Change to other VA	21 (7.2%)	4.84	65 (6.7%)	1.14	86 (6.8%)
Skin complications	0 (0%)	0	2 (0.2%)	0.04	2 (0.2%)
Extravasation	1 (0.3%)	0.23	0 (0.0%)	0	1 (0.1%)
End of treatmentIncluding: death	245 (84.2%)29 (10%)	56.356.69	769 (79.6%)122 (12.6%)	13.472.14	1014 (80.7%)151 (12%)
Malfunction	7 (2.4%)	1.61	17 (1.8%)	0.30	24 (1.9%)
Patient request	1 (0.3%)	0.23	5 (0.5%)	0.09	6 (0.5%)
Accidental removal	8 (2.7%)	1.85	22 (2.3%)	0.39	30 (2.4%)
Bleeding	0 (0%)	0	1 (0.1%)	0.02	1 (0.1%)
Symptomatic thrombosis	0 (0%)	0	11 (1.1%)	0.19	11 (0.9%)
Suspected infection	7 (2.4%)	1.61	65 (6.7%)	1.14	72 (5.7%)

Reported complications

Reported complications are synthetised in Table 3. The main complication reported to the VAT was occlusion in ML’s (7.6%) and PICCs (3.7%). Of the 76 suspected infections reported, CRBSI was confirmed in one midline and nine PICCs (Table 4).

Table 3.

Reported complications.

Reported complications	Midline (n = 291)	PICC (n = 966)	Total (n = 1257)
Skin complications	0 (0)	10 (1.0%)	10 (0.8%)
Extravasation	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.1%)
Occlusion	22 (7.6%)	36 (3.7%)	58 (4.6%)
Other	4 (1.4%)	27 (2.8%)	31 (2.5%)
Accidental removal (partial or total)	7 (2.4%)	22 (2.3%)	29 (2.3%)
Symptomatic thrombosis	2 (0.7%)	16 (1.7%)	18 (1.4%)
Confirmed CRBSI	1 (0.3%)	9 (0.9%)	10 (0.8%)

Table 4.

Suspected versus confirmed Infection breakdown.

Infection	Midline (n = 291)		PICC (n = 966)		Total (n = 1257)
Infection	n (%)	/1000 days of catheter	n (%)	/1000 days of catheter	n (%)
Suspected infection	8 (2.7%)	1.84	68 (7%)	1.19	76 (6%)
Confirmed infection	1 (0.3%)	0.23	9 (0.9%)	0.16	10 (0.8%)

Cost analysis

An estimated economic saving of €867,688.44 was achieved in 1 year, including material and labour costs (Figure 2). The insertion of PICCs and MLs avoided the placement of 893 CICCs and 330 IVAPs, implying an estimated economic saving of €794,538.44. Furthermore, 34 patients (8 ML and 28 PICCs), who would have required hospitalisation, were able to receive treatment with at-home hospitalisation. 488 days of hospitalisation were avoided, meaning an estimated economic saving of €73,150.

Figure 2.

Catheter insertion and hospitalisation costs.

Consultancy activity

During the first year of activity, the VAT received 367 consultations, of which 86.2% (313) were resolved in person. The reasons for consultation and derived activity can be seen in Table 5. It should be emphasised that these consultations were related to the VA placed by the VAT and to other VA inserted by other professionals. The main reason for consultancy, 80.9% (297), was to resolve doubts regarding VA care or to report complications.

Table 5.

Descriptive analysis of consultations.

Consultancy activity
Reason for consultation (n = 367)
Placement of peripheral venous catheter (PVC)	59 (16.1%)
Consultations on VA maintenance	297 (80.9%)
VA removal	11 (3%)
Telephone/in-personal resolution (n = 363)
In-person	313 (86.2%)
Telephone	50 (13.8%)
Type of catheter (n = 367)
CICC	33 (9%)
ML	43 (11.7%)
PICC	158 (43.1%)
IVAP	43 (11.7%)
PVC	45 (12.3%)
Other	45 (12.3%)

Through the prospective analysis of the consultations, it has been possible to describe the main complications detected in the VA follow-up (provided in Table 6). The main reason for consultancy was the request to recover the permeability of VAs.

Table 6.

Complications detected through consultations.

Catheter involved
Reported complication	CICC	ML	PICC	IVAP	PVC	Other
Pain	0	2	4	1	0	2
IVAP mechanical complications	0	0	0	4	0	0
Serous exudate	0	0	5	0	0	0
Skin lesion	0	0	9	0	0	2
Occlusion	30	31	63	25	1	8
Accidental removal (partial/total)	0	0	8	0	0	1
Bleeding	0	0	4	0	0	1
Suspected infection	0	0	11	0	0	0
Confirmed infection	0	0	1	0	0	0
Symptomatic thrombosis	0	0	2	0	0	0
Other	0	0	8	0	0	2

Of the 11 suspected infections reported in PICCs, bacteraemia was confirmed in one case.

Of all the consultations received, referral to angioradiology was required in 25 of 297 cases (8.41%). The reasons were IVAP placement (12, 48%); PICC revision, replacement or repositioning (3, 12%); and IVAP revision (10, 40%).

Discussion

Implementing an Intravenous Therapy Programme with a specialised VAT in our centre has appeared to be feasible and safe, in accordance with scientific evidence.^8,29,32,33 The success of executing a programme of these characteristics may be based on having a team of trained nurses who are experts in VA insertion and care. In our experience, a 95.6% insertion success rate is observed in the first cannulation attempt, higher than that published in other studies.^14,25,29,33 At the same time, as has been concluded in other contexts,^3,7,8 the availability of the VAT could enable the insertion of the necessary and most appropriate device for the patient⁶ without a waiting list and at the bedside, while reducing overall complications.²⁹ Given the high VAT service demand once integrated throughout the hospital, VAT hours were increased by 6.5 h to cover until 9.30 h pm. Furthermore, reduction in catheter insertion costs and avoidance of 488 days of stay made it possible to achieve an estimated economic saving of €867,688.44. In other contexts, significant cost reduction has also been observed when introducing VATs.^34,35

The main reason for removal was the end of treatment (84.2% in ML, 79.6% in PICC). Although there was suspicion of infection in 8 MLs and 68 PICCs, bacteraemia was confirmed in only 1 ML (0.3%, 0.23/1000 CD) and in 9 PICCs (0.9%, 0.16/1000 CD). These results represent an improvement over previous published experiences, with some authors reporting 5.8% (0.43/1000 CD)³⁶ or 4.4% (1.69/1000 CD)³⁷ PICC related bloodstream infection (BSI) rates. Chopra et al.³⁸ updated integrative review indicated a global 2.25% infection incidence for PICCs and 0.67% for MLs. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement, as other centres have published even more promising results.^14,25 Considering the relevance of the health and economic implications of CRBSIs, it is essential to continue directing efforts to reduce infection rates further and increase training in the evidence-based management of suspected catheter infections in clinical teams. These efforts would prevent unnecessary removals and promote healthcare sustainability and clinical safety.

Symptomatic thrombosis was reported in 2 MLs (0.7%) and 16 PICCs (1.7%), leading to removal in 11 PICCs (1.1%, 0.19/1000 CD). These results are similar or lower to those reported by previous studies.^{14,16,17,25,33} We must consider that it is plausible that not all thromboses were reported to the VAT and that they were managed independently by the clinical teams responsible for the patient. Recent research^20–22 indicated that thrombosis rates in MLs can be high, but, as Nickel³⁹ recommends, in our centre we are conservative in ML use, carefully assessing drug compatibility and expected time of use, in order to reduce its complications. This may explain our low rate of ML symptomatic thrombosis, when comparing with other recent evidence.^20–22 The accidental removal rate is lower than that published in other contexts, globally being 2.4% (1.85/1000 days of catheter in MLs and 0.39/1000 days of catheter in PICCs).^25,33

Finally, our study provides an analysis of one of the main functions of VAT: the follow-up and expert advice offered to other professionals in relation to VA care, which may affect the incidence of catheter complications.³ When analysing the reasons for consultation, the necessity of this function raises attention, since 80.9% were aimed at resolving doubts.

The most frequent reason for consultation was to resolve VA occlusion, aligning with problematic reported in other contexts.²⁵ Systematic monitoring of complications is one of the benefits of having a VAT,⁶ making them potentially more aware of complications and therefore able to address them. Consequently, the VAT carried out important training work on flushing techniques for nursing personnel.^40–42

Limitations of the study

This is a descriptive and single-centre study, a fact that limits the generalisation of the results. It is plausible that some consultations carried out face-to-face during daily care practice were not recorded in the VAT database, and certain complications might have been resolved independently by the healthcare teams. Even so, we consider the analysis of the consultations to be of great interest to value the need of care professionals to receive VAT support and continuous training. Finally, considering the latest evidence, it is plausible that some occlusions were actual cases of thrombosis.^20,22,39

Applicability

The main strength of this study is the joint analysis of both inpatients and outpatients across a range of medical and surgical specialities, including onco-haematological and critical patients, providing valuable insights into the daily clinical practice of a VAT in highly specialised university hospitals.

In addition, implementing the VAT at the transversal level in our centre allowed the standardisation concerning the insertion, maintenance and prevention of complications of VA. The study results enabled the promotion of targeted strategies to enhance quality of care and patient safety.

Conclusions

Implementing a VAT has enabled the insertion of 1257 catheters during its first year of activity. The mean reason for removing VA was end of treatment (80.7%). Confirmed infection was detected in 0.3% MLs and 0.9% PICCs. Symptomatic thrombosis was reported in 0.7% MLs and 1.7% PICCs. The analysis of consultancy activity highlighted the necessity for this service, with 80.9% of consults regarding doubts on VA management. The economic analysis revealed an annual estimated saving of €867,688.44. Our study provides a detailed analysis of VAT’s activity and functions as well as its relevance to clinical safety and the efficient management of resources within our hospital centre. The findings of this study have enabled the integration of the VAT throughout the hospital to ensure effective, safe and expert VA to all patients.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the healthcare nurses from the different specialities who have participated in the study. We would also like to thank the microbiology, nursing and quality departments of the hospital.

Author contributions

The corresponding author certifies that all authors meet the authorship criteria. All contributing authors consent to the submission of this manuscript for publication.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work has been supported by Becton and Dickinson through a research grant. The company has not been involved with the development of the study or the content of this article, and the authors have retained full control of the data.

Ethical approval

ORCID iDs

Arianna Rosich Soteras

Carolina Bonilla Serrano

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Implementation of a vascular access team and an intravenous therapy programme: A first-year activity analysis

Abstract

Background:

Methodology:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Description of the intervention

Study design, setting and dates

Participants

Variables and variable measurement

Data sources

Bias

Statistical analysis

Ethical considerations

Results

Reasons for removal

Reported complications

Cost analysis

Consultancy activity

Discussion

Limitations of the study

Applicability

Conclusions

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

Ethical approval

ORCID iDs

References