Irisin has been suggested as a helpful hormone for adverse metabolic conditions. However, the interaction between acute endurance exercises and irisin is still unclear. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the acute effect of endurance training, either continuous or interval training, on circulating irisin in healthy adults.
Methods
Literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL until September 2022. Clinical trials measuring irisin levels following a single session of interval or continuous endurance training in healthy adults were eligible. Cohen’s d effect size (95% confidence level), subgroup analyses and univariate meta-regression were calculated using a random-effects model. The procedures described by PRISMA were followed and the protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42021240971).
Results
Data of the 16 included studies comprising 412 individuals showed a significant increase following one session of continuous endurance training (d = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.46, p < 0.001), while interval training did not change circulating irisin (d = 0.16, 95% CI: −0.12 to 0.44, p = 0.202). Both subgroup and univariate meta-regression analyses showed non-significant differences in the change of circulating irisin comparing blood measurement, exercise mode or previous level of physical activity of the participants and circulating irisin at baseline, duration, or intensity of the exercise, respectively.
Conclusion
Continuous method for endurance training increases circulating irisin in healthy adults, while studies measuring circulating irisin following interval training in healthy adults are still limited to be conclusive.
AlbrechtE.NorheimF.ThiedeB.HolenT.OhashiT.ScheringL.LeeS.BrenmoehlJ.ThomasS.DrevonC. A.EricksonH. P.MaakS. (2015). Irisin - a myth rather than an exercise-inducible myokine. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8889. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08889
2.
AskariH.RajaniS. F.PoorebrahimM.Haghi-AminjanH.Raeis-AbdollahiE.AbdollahiM. (2018). A glance at the therapeutic potential of irisin against diseases involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis: An introductory review. Pharmacological Research, 129, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.012
3.
BalduzziS.RückerG.SchwarzerG. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial. Evidence-based Mental Health, 22(4), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300117
4.
BorensteinM.HedgesL. V.HigginsJ. P. T.RothsteinH. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. In Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470743386
5.
BoströmP.WuJ.JedrychowskiM. P.KordeA.YeL.LoJ. C.RasbachK. A.BoströmE. A.ChoiJ. H.LongJ. Z.KajimuraS.ZingarettiM. C.VindB. F.TuH.CintiS.HøjlundK.GygiS. P.SpiegelmanB. M. (2012). A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 481(7382), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10777
6.
ChangJ. S.KimT. H.NguyenT. T.ParkK. S.KimN.KongI. D. (2017). Circulating irisin levels as a predictive biomarker for sarcopenia: A cross-sectional community-based study. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 17(11), 2266–2273. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13030
7.
ChoiY. K.KimM. K.BaeK. H.SeoH. A.JeongJ. Y.LeeW. K.KimJ. G.LeeI. K.ParkK. G. (2013). Serum irisin levels in new-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 100(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.01.007
DaskalopoulouS. S.CookeA. B.GomezY. H.MutterA. F.FilippaiosA.MesfumE. T.MantzorosC. S. (2014). Plasma irisin levels progressively increase in response to increasing exercise workloads in young, healthy, active subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 171(3), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14-0204
10.
DongJ.DongY.DongY.ChenF.MitchW. E.ZhangL. (2016). Inhibition of myostatin in mice improves insulin sensitivity via irisin-mediated cross talk between muscle and adipose tissues. International Journal of Obesity, 40(3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.200
11.
DrorN.CarboneJ.HaddadF.FalkB.KlentrouP.Radom-AizikS. (2022). Sclerostin and bone turnover markers response to cycling and running at the same moderate-to-vigorous exercise intensity in healthy men. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 45(2), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01659-5
12.
DuvalS.TweedieR. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
13.
EggerM.Davey SmithG. D.SchneiderM.MinderC. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
14.
EkenO.KafkasM. (2022). Effects of low and high intensity interval training exercises on VO2max and components of neuromuscular and vascular system in male volunteers. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions, 22(3), 352–363
15.
ErcanZ.DenizG.YenturS. B.ArikanF. B.KaratasA.AlkanG.KocaS. S. (2022). Effects of acute aerobic exercise on cytokines, klotho, irisin, and vascular endothelial growth factor responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Irish Journal of Medical Science. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-022-02970-7
16.
FollmannD.ElliottP.SuhI.CutlerJ. (1992). Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45(7), 769–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-Q
17.
FoxJ.RiouxB. V.GouletE. D. B.JohanssenN. M.SwiftD. L.BouchardD. R.LoewenH.SénéchalM. (2018). Effect of an acute exercise bout on immediate post-exercise irisin concentration in adults: A meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12904
18.
FuR.VandermeerB. W.ShamliyanT. A.O’NeilM. E.YazdiF.FoxS. H.MortonS. C. (2008). Handling continuous outcomes in quantitative synthesis. In Methods guide for effectiveness and comparative effectiveness reviews. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)
19.
GaoS.LiF.LiH.HuangY.LiuY.ChenY. (2016). Effects and molecular mechanism of GSTIrisin on lipolysis and autocrine function in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Plos One, 11(1), Article e0147480. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147480
20.
GibalaM. J.McGeeS. L.GarnhamA. P.HowlettK. F.SnowR. J.HargreavesM. (2009). Brief intense interval exercise activates AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling and increases the expression of PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(3), 929–934. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90880.2008
21.
GuyattG. H.OxmanA. D.VistG. E.KunzR.Falck-YtterY.Alonso-CoelloP.SchünemannH. J. (2008). GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 336(7650), 924–926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347
22.
HarrerM.CuijpersP.FurukawaT.EbertD. (2019). dmetar: Companion R package for the guide “doing meta-analysis in R”. R package version 0.0.9000. http://dmetar.prot
23.
HeZ.TianY.ValenzuelaP. L.HuangC.ZhaoJ.HongP.HeZ.YinS.LuciaA. (2018). Myokine response to high-intensity interval vs. Resistance exercise: An individual approach. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1735. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01735
24.
HeZ.TianY.ValenzuelaP. L.HuangC.ZhaoJ.HongP.HeZ.YinS.LuciaA. (2019). Myokine/adipokine response to “aerobic” exercise: Is it just a matter of exercise load?Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00691
25.
HeckstedenA.GrüttersT.MeyerT. (2013a). Associations between acute and chronic effects of exercise on indicators of metabolic health: A pilot training trial. Plos One, 8(11), Article e81181. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081181
26.
HeckstedenA.WegmannM.SteffenA.KraushaarJ.MorschA.RuppenthalS.KaestnerL.MeyerT. (2013b). Irisin and exercise training in humans - results from a randomized controlled training trial. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 235. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-235
27.
HigginsJ. P. T.ThomasJ.ChandlerJ.CumpstonM.LiT.PageM. J.WelchV. A. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions In Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119536604
28.
HigginsJ. P. T.ThompsonS. G.DeeksJ. J.AltmanD. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
29.
HuhJ. Y.MougiosV.KabasakalisA.FatourosI.SiopiA.DouroudosI. I.FilippaiosA.PanagiotouG.ParkK. H.MantzorosC. S. (2014). Exercise-induced irisin secretion is independent of age or fitness level and increased irisin may directly modulate muscle metabolism through AMPK activation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(11), E2154–E2161. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1437
30.
HuhJ. Y.PanagiotouG.MougiosV.BrinkoetterM.VamviniM. T.SchneiderB. E.MantzorosC. S. (2012). FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 61(12), 1725–1738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002
31.
HuhJ. Y.SiopiA.MougiosV.ParkK. H.MantzorosC. S. (2015). Irisin in response to exercise in humans with and without metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 100(3), E453–E457. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2416
32.
JedrychowskiM. P.WrannC. D.PauloJ. A.GerberK. K.SzpytJ.RobinsonM. M.NairK. S.GygiS. P.SpiegelmanB. M. (2015). Detection and quantitation of circulating human irisin by tandem mass spectrometry. Cell Metabolism, 22(4), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.08.001
33.
KnappG.HartungJ. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Statistics in Medicine, 22(17), 2693–2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1482
34.
KraemerR. R.ShockettP.WebbN. D.ShahU.CastracaneV. D. (2014). A transient elevated irisin blood concentration in response to prolonged, moderate aerobic exercise in young men and women. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 46(2), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1355381
35.
LagzdinaR.RumakaM.GersoneG.TretjakovsP. (2020). Circulating irisin in healthy adults: Changes after acute exercise, correlation with body composition, and energy expenditure parameters in cross-sectional study. Medicina (Lithuania), 56(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56060274
36.
LiuJ. J.WongM. D. S.ToyW. C.TanC. S. H.LiuS.NgX. W.TavintharanS.SumC. F.LimS. C. (2013 July-August). Lower circulating irisin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 27(4), 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.002
37.
MaL.-L.WangY.-Y.YangZ.-H.HuangD.WengH.ZengX.-T. (2020). Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better?Military Medical Research, 7(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8
38.
MáderováD.KrumpolecP.SlobodováL.SchönM.TirpákováV.KovaničováZ.KlepochováR.VajdaM.ŠutovskýS.CvečkaJ.ValkovičL.TurčániP.KrššákM.SedliakM.TsaiC.-L.UkropcováB.UkropecJ. (2019). Acute and regular exercise distinctly modulate serum, plasma and skeletal muscle BDNF in the elderly. Neuropeptides, 78, 101961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2019.101961
Mazur-BialyA. I.BilskiJ.PochecE.BrzozowskiT. (2017). New insight into the direct anti-inflammatory activity of a myokine irisin against proinflammatory activation of adipocytes. Implication for exercise in obesity. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 68(2), 243–251
41.
Mazur-BialyA. I.PochećE.ZarawskiM. (2017). Anti-inflammatory properties of irisin, mediator of physical activity, are connected with TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4), 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040701
42.
Moreno-NavarreteJ. M.OrtegaF.SerranoM.GuerraE.PardoG.TinahonesF.RicartW.Fernández-RealJ. M. (2013). Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(4), E769–E778. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2749
43.
NatalicchioA.MarranoN.BiondiG.SpagnuoloR.LabarbutaR.PorrecaI.CignarelliA.BuglianiM.MarchettiP.PerriniS.LaviolaL.GiorginoF. (2017). The myokine irisin is released in response to saturated fatty acids and promotes pancreatic β-cell survival and insulin secretion. Diabetes, 66(11), 2849–2856. https://doi.org/10.2337/db17-0002
NorheimF.LangleiteT. M.HjorthM.HolenT.KiellandA.StadheimH. K.GulsethH. L.BirkelandK. I.JensenJ.DrevonC. A. (2014). The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS Journal, 281(3), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12619
46.
NygaardH.SlettaløkkenG.VeggeG.HollanI.WhistJ. E.StrandT.RønnestadB. R.EllefsenS. (2015). Irisin in blood increases transiently after single sessions of intense endurance exercise and heavy strength training. Plos One, 10(3), Article e0121367. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121367
47.
OzbayS.UlupınarS.ŞebinE.AltınkaynakK. (2020 January-February). Acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on serum irisin, adropin, and cholesterol levels in the winter season: Indoor training versus outdoor training. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 63(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.4103/CJP.CJP_84_19
48.
PageM. J.McKenzieJ. E.BossuytP. M.BoutronI.HoffmannT. C.MulrowC. D.ShamseerL.TetzlaffJ. M.AklE. A.BrennanS. E.ChouR.GlanvilleJ.GrimshawJ. M.HróbjartssonA.LaluM. M.LiT.LoderE. W.Mayo-WilsonE.McDonaldS.MoherD. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
49.
ParkK. H.ZaichenkoL.BrinkoetterM.ThakkarB.Sahin-EfeA.JoungK. E.TsoukasM. A.GeladariE. V.HuhJ. Y.DincerF.DavisC. R.CrowellJ. A.MantzorosC. S. (2013). Circulating irisin in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98(12), 4899–4907. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2373
50.
PedersenB. K.FebbraioM. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1379–1406. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.90100.2007
51.
PedersenB. K.Hoffman-GoetzL. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: Regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiological Reviews, 80(3), 1055–1081. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055
52.
PekkalaS.WiklundP. K.HulmiJ. J.AhtiainenJ. P.HorttanainenM.PöllänenE.MäkeläK. A.KainulainenH.HäkkinenK.NymanK.AlénM.HerzigK. H.ChengS. (2013). Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?Journal of Physiology, Paris, 591(21), 5393–5400. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263707
53.
PerakakisN.TriantafyllouG. A.Fernández-RealJ. M.HuhJ. Y.ParkK. H.SeufertJ.MantzorosC. S. (2017). Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 13(6), 324–337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.221
54.
PilegaardH.OsadaT.AndersenL. T.HelgeJ. W.SaltinB.NeuferP. D. (2005). Substrate availability and transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 54(8), 1048–1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2005.03.008
55.
QiuS.BosnyákE.TreffG.SteinackerJ. M.NießA. M.KrügerK.MoorenF. C.ZügelM.SchumannU. (2018). Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: Associations with training status and exercise mode. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(9), 1226–1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1478452
56.
RaschkeS.ElsenM.GassenhuberH.SommerfeldM.SchwahnU.BrockmannB.JungR.WisløffU.TjønnaA. E.RaastadT.HallénJ.NorheimF.DrevonC. A.RomachoT.EckardtK.EckelJ. (2013). Evidence against a beneficial effect of irisin in humans. Plos One, 8(9), Article e73680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073680
57.
RezaM. M.SubramaniyamN.SimC. M.GeX.SathiakumarD.McFarlaneC.SharmaM.KambadurR. (2017). Irisin is a pro-myogenic factor that induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and rescues denervation-induced atrophy. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01131-0
58.
Roca-RivadaA.CastelaoC.SeninL. L.LandroveM. O.BaltarJ.Belén CrujeirasA. B.SeoaneL. M.CasanuevaF. F.PardoM. (2013). FNDC5/Irisin is not only a myokine but also an adipokine. Plos One, 8(4), Article e60563. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060563
59.
RuanQ.HuangY.YangL.RuanJ.GuW.ZhangX.ZhangY.ZhangW.YuZ. (2019). The effects of both age and sex on irisin levels in paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in healthy humans. Peptides, 113(February), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.004
60.
ShirvaniH.ArabzadehE. (2020). Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α. Eating and Weight Disorders, 25(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0491-4
61.
ShoukryA.ShalabyS. M.El-Arabi BdeerS.MahmoudA. A.MousaM. M.KhalifaA. (2016). Circulating serum irisin levels in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. IUBMB Life, 68(7), 544–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1511
62.
StengelA.HofmannT.Goebel-StengelM.ElbeltU.KobeltP.KlappB. F. (2013). Circulating levels of irisin in patients with anorexia nervosa and different stages of obesity-Correlation with body mass index. Peptides, 39(1), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.014
63.
SterneJ.HernánM. A.ReevesB. C.SavovićJ.BerkmanN. D.ViswanathanM.HenryD.AltmanD. G.AnsariM. T.BoutronI.CarpenterJ. R.ChanA. W.ChurchillR.DeeksJ. J.HróbjartssonA.KirkhamJ.JüniP.LokeY. K.PigottT. D.HigginsJ. P. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, 355, i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919
64.
SterneJ.SavovićJ.PageM. J.ElbersR. G.BlencoweN. S.BoutronI.CatesC. J.ChengH. Y.CorbettM. S.EldridgeS. M.EmbersonJ. R.HernánM. A.HopewellS.HróbjartssonA.JunqueiraD. R.JüniP.KirkhamJ. J.LassersonT.LiT.HigginsJ. P. T. (2019). RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 366, l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898
65.
SuzukiK.TominagaT.RuheeR. T.MaS. (2020). Characterization and modulation of systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise in relation to oxidative stress. Antioxidants, 9(5), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050401
66.
TanisawaK.TaniguchiH.SunX.ItoT.CaoZ. B.SakamotoS.HiguchiM. (2014). Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FNDC5 gene are associated with glucose metabolism but do not affect serum irisin levels in Japanese men with low fitness levels. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 63(4), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.01.005
67.
TsaiC.-L.PanC.-Y.TsengY.-T.ChenF.-C.ChangY.-C.WangT.-C. (2021). Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on BDNF and irisin levels and neurocognitive performance in late middle-aged and older adults. Behavioural Brain Research, 413, 113472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113472
68.
TsuchiyaY.AndoD.GotoK.KiuchiM.YamakitaM.KoyamaK. (2014). High-intensity exercise causes greater irisin response compared with low-intensity exercise under similar energy consumption. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 233(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.233.135
69.
TsuchiyaY.AndoD.TakamatsuK.GotoK. (2015). Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 64(9), 1042–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.010
70.
UgrasS.AlgulS.OzdenkC. (2022). Comparatively evaluating the effects of exercising at the anaerobic threshold on oxidative stress and serum levels of leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin in sedentary male and females. Progress in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v24i1.11969
71.
UlupinarS.OzbayS.GencogluC.AltinkaynakK.SebinE.OymakB. (2021 May-June). Exercise in the cold causes greater irisin release but may not be enough for adropin. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 64(3), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.4103/cjp.cjp_2_21
72.
ViechtbauerW. (2005). Bias and efficiency of meta-analytic variance estimators in the random-effects model. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 30(3), 261–293. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986030003261
73.
ViechtbauerW. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
74.
WangL.PsilanderN.TonkonogiM.DingS.SahlinK. (2009). Similar expression of oxidative genes after interval and continuous exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(12), 2136–2144. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181abc1ec
75.
XinC.LiuJ.ZhangJ.ZhuD.WangH.XiongL.LeeY.YeJ.LianK.XuC.ZhangL.WangQ.LiuY.TaoL. (2016). Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. International Journal of Obesity, 40(3), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.199
76.
ZhangY.LiR.MengY.LiS.DonelanW.ZhaoY.QiL.ZhangM.WangX.CuiT.YangL. J.TangD. (2014). Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling. Diabetes, 63(2), 514–525. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1106
77.
ZhangY.XieC.WangH.FossR. M.ClareM.GeorgeE. V.LiS.KatzA.ChengH.DingY.TangD.ReevesW. H.YangL. J. (2016). Irisin exerts dual effects on browning and adipogenesis of human white adipocytes. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 311(2), E530–E541. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2016
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
