Purpose: To examine the relationships between maternal psychosocial factors and dietary quality and explore the relationships among dietary quality and selected biomarkers of nutrition and placental development. Method: A cross-sectional design in 18 low-income, pregnant women. Results: Partner support was positively related to vegetable intake (r = .54) and negatively related to intake of iron (r = -.68) and grains (r = -.67). Emotional eating in response to anger was negatively related to intake of iron-(r /it> = -.53) and folate-rich (r = -.75) foods, and emotional eating in response to anxiety was negatively related to intake of folate-rich foods (r = -.51). Depressed women had an increased intake of calcium-rich foods (r = .60). Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were negatively related to depression (r = -.56) and intake of foods high in calcium (r = -.53) and iron (r = -.34) but positively related to serum calcium levels (r = .60). VEGF was negatively relationship to soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1; r = -.56). Placental growth factor had a negative relationship with maternal serum levels of albumin (r = -.61) and calcium (r = -.65). Conclusions: Low-income pregnant women who eat to cope with anger and anxiety may have an inadequate intake of nutrients that contribute to positive pregnancy outcomes. Placental development in the early weeks of pregnancy may be influenced by maternal psychosocial and nutritional status. More research is needed to explore the relationship of dietary quality and placental development in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., & Agras, W. ( 1995). The Emotional Eating Scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 79-90.
4.
Ayala, G., Baquero, B., & Klinger, S. ( 2008). A systematic review of the relationship between acculturation and diet among Latinos in the United States: Implication for future research . Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 1330-1344.
5.
Baschat, A., & Hecher, K. ( 2004). Fetal growth restriction due to placental disease. Seminars in Perinatology, 28, 67-80.
6.
Bhargava, A. ( 2004). Socio-economic and behavioral factors are predictors of food use in the National Food Stamp Program Survey. British Journal of Nutrition, 92, 497-506.
7.
Bhatia, J. ( 2005). Perinatal nutrition: Optimizing infant health and development . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
8.
Blackburn, S. ( 2007). Maternal, fetal and neonatal physiology: A clinical perspective (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO : Saunders/Elsevier.
9.
Block, G., & Abrams, B. ( 1993). Vitamin and mineral status of women of childbearing potential . Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 678, 244-254.
10.
Bodnar, L., & Siega-Riz, A. ( 2002). A diet quality index for pregnancy detects variation in diet and differences by sociodemographic factors. Public Health Nutrition, 5, 801-809.
11.
Booth, D. ( 1994). Integration of sensory, somatic and social determinants of appetite for food and drink. Appetite, 23, 197.
12.
Borders, A., Grobam, W., Amsden, L., & Holl, J., (2007). Chronic stress and low birth weight neonates in low-income population of women. Obstetrics and Gynecology , 109, 331-338.
13.
Buzzard, I.M., Faucett, C.L., Jeffery, R.W., McBane, L., McGovern, P., Baxter, J., ... & Wynder, E. (1996). Monitoring dietary change in a low-fat diet intervention study: Advantages of using 24-hour dietary recalls vs. food records. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 574-579.
14.
Campos, B., Schetter, C., Absou, C., Hobel, C., Glynn, L., & Sandman, C. ( 2008). Familialism, social support, and stress: Positive implications for pregnant Latinas. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 155-162.
15.
Chaddha, V., Viero, S., Huppertz, B., & Kingdom, J. ( 2004). Developmental biology of the placenta and the origins of placental insufficiency. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 9, 357-369.
16.
Cross, J., & Mickelson, L. ( 2006). Nutritional influences on implantation and placental development. Nutrition Reviews, 64, S12-S18.
17.
Cunningham, F., Gant, N., Leveno, K., Gilstrap, L., Hauth, J., & Wenstrom, K. ( 2005). William’s obstetrics (21sted.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
18.
Curry, M., Burton, D., & Fields, J. ( 1998). The Prenatal Psychosocial Profile: A research and clinical tool. Research in Nursing & Health, 21, 211-219.
19.
Curry, M., Campbell, R., & Christian, M. ( 1994). Validity and reliability testing of the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile. Research in Nursing and Health, 17, 127-135.
20.
Dantzer, R. ( 2004). Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: A neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. European Journal of Pharmacology , 500, 399-411.
21.
Dome, P., Teleki, Z., Rihmer, Z., Peter, L., Dobos, J., Kenessey, I., ... Dome, B. ( 2008). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and depression: A possible novel link between heart and soul. Molecular Psychiatry , 14, 523-531. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002138
22.
Ferland, S., & O’Brien, H. (2003). Maternal dietary intake and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 48, 86-94.
23.
Finch, B. ( 2003). Socioeconomic gradients and low birth-weight: Empirical and policy considerations. Health Services Research, 38, 1819-1842.
24.
Fowles, E., & Fowles, S. ( 2008). Healthy eating during pregnancy: Determinants and supportive strategies. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 25, 138-152.
25.
Fowles, E., Hendricks, J., & Walker, L. ( 2005). Identifying healthy eating strategies in low-income pregnant women: Applying a positive deviance model. Health Care for Women International, 26, 807-820.
26.
Hofmeyr, G., Atallah, A., & Duley, L. ( 2006). Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD001059.
27.
Hurley, K., Caulfield, L., Sacco, L., Costigan, K., & DiPietro, J. ( 2005). Psychosocial influences in dietary patterns during pregnancy . Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, 963-966.
28.
Institute of Medicine. (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
29.
Institute of Medicine. (2006). Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
30.
James, W., Nelson, M., Ralph, A., & Leather, S. ( 1997). The contribution of nutrition to inequities in health . British Medical Journal, 314, 1545-1549.
31.
Kahl, K., Bens, S., Ziegler, K., Rudolf, S., Kordon, A., Debbelt, L., ... Schweiger, U. ( 2009). Angiogenic factors in patients with current major depressive disorder comorbid with borderline personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 34, 353-357. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.016.
32.
Kant, A. ( 1996). Indexes of overall dietary quality: A review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 785-791.
33.
Kemeny, M., & Schedlowski, M. (2007). Understanding the interaction between psychosocial stress and immune-related diseases: A stepwise progression . Brain, Behavior and Immunology, 21, 1009-1018.
34.
Larson, P., Kronenberg, H., Melmed, S., & Polonsky, K. ( 2003). Williams textbook of endocrinology (10th ed.). St Louis, MO: Saunders .
35.
Levine, R., Maynard, W., Qian, C., Lim, K., England, L., Yu, K., ... Karumanchi, S. ( 2004). Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia . New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 672-683.
36.
Lutgendorf, S., Jonsen, E., Cooper, B., Anderson, B., Sorosky, J., & Buller, R.Sood, A. ( 2002). Vascular endothelial growth factor and social support in patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer, 95, 808-815.
37.
Ma, Y., Li, K., Wang, J., Huang, Y., Huang, Y., & Sun, F. ( 2009). Vascular endothelial growth factor acutely reduces calcium influx via inhibition of the Ca(2+) channels in rat hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 87, 393-402. doi:10.1002/ jnr.21859.
38.
March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center. (2004 ). Maternal, infant, and child health in the United States, 2001. pp. White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Foundation.
39.
McEwen, B.S., Biron, C.A., Brunson, K.W., Bulloch, K., Chambers, W., Dhabhar, F., ... Weiss, J. ( 1997). The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: Neural, endocrine and immune interactions . Brain Research Reviews, 23, 79-133.
40.
Messina, M., Lampe, J., Birt, D., Appel, L., Pivonka, E., & Berry, B.Jacobs, D. ( 2001). Reductionism and the narrowing nutrition perspective: Time for reevaluation and emphasis on food synergy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101, 1416-1419.
41.
Montez, J., & Eschback, K. ( 2008). Country of birth and language are uniquely associated with intakes of fat, fiber, and fruits and vegetables among Mexican-American women in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 473-480.
42.
Moore, V., Davies, M., Willson, K., Worsley, A., & Robinson, J. ( 2004). Dietary composition of pregnant women is related to size of the baby at birth. Journal of Nutrition, 134, 1820-1826.
43.
Moshfegh, A., Raper, N., Ingwersen, L., Cleveland, J., Anand, J., Goldman, J., ... LaComb, R. ( 2001). An improved approach to 24-hour dietary recall methodology . Annals of Nutritional Metabolism, 45, 156.
44.
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Nutritional status. Dictionary of cancer terms. Retrieved April 1, 2008 , from http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/db_alpha.aspx?CdrID=463734
45.
Nicolaides, K., Bindra, R., Turan, O., Chefetz, I., Sammar, M., Meir, H., ... Cuckles, H. ( 2006). A novel approach to first trimester screening for early preeclampsia combining serum PP-13 and Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 27, 13-17.
46.
Norwitz, E., Schust, D., & Fisher, S. ( 2001). Implantation and the survival of early pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1400-1408.
47.
Page, R. ( 2004). Positive pregnancy outcomes in Mexican immigrants: What can we learn? Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 33, 783-790.
48.
Polit, D., & Beck, C. ( 2007). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
49.
Radloff, L. ( 1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement , 1, 385-401.
50.
Rhodes, V., Watson, P., & Johnson, J. ( 1984). Development of reliable and valid measures of nausea and vomiting. Cancer Nursing, 7, 33-41.
51.
Ruiz, R.J., & Pearson, A. ( 1999). Psychoneuroimmunology and preterm birth: A holistic model of obstetrical nursing practice and research. MCN: American Journal of Maternal-Child Nursing, 24, 230-235.
52.
Salahuddin, S., Lee, Y., Vadnais, M., Sachs, B., Karumanchi, A., & Lim, K. ( 2007). Diagnostic utility of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 197, e1-e6.
53.
Scholl, T. ( 2008). Maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy. In D. J. P. Barker, R. L. Bergmann, & P. L. Ogra (Eds.), The window of opportunity: Pre-pregnancy to 24 months of age. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program (Vol. 61, pp. 79-89). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
54.
Scholl, T., Leskiw, M., Chen, X., Sims, M., & Stein, T. ( 2005). Oxidative stress, diet and the etiology of preeclampsia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81, 1390-1396.
55.
Siega-Riz, A., Savitz, D., Zeisel, S., Thorp, J., & Herring, A. ( 2004). Second trimester folate status and preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191, 1851-1857.
56.
Simas, T., Crawford, S., Solitro, M., Frost, S., Meyer, B., & Maynard, S. ( 2007). Angiogenic factors for the prediction of preeclampsia in high-risk women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 197, e1-e8.
57.
Smith, G. ( 2004). First trimester origins of fetal growth impairment. Seminars in Perinatology, 28, 41-50.
58.
Sontrop, J., Avison, W., Evers, S., Speechley, K., & Campbell, M. ( 2008). Depressive symptoms during pregnancy in relation to fish consumption and intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Paedriatic and Perinatal Epidemiology, 22, 389-399.
59.
St. Joer, S., Guthrie, H., & Jones, M. ( 1983). Variability in nutrient intake in a 28-day period. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 83, 155-162.
60.
Su, Y., Lee, C., Cheng, W., Shau, W., Chow, S., & Hsieh, F. ( 2001). Decreased maternal serum placental growth factor in early second trimester and preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology , 97, 898-904.
61.
Subar, A., Thompson, F., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Hurwitz, P., McNutt, S., ... Rosenfeld, S. ( 2001). Comparative validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute Food Frequency Questionnaires: Eating at America’s Table Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 1089-1099.
62.
Thorton, P., Kieffer, E., Salabarria-Pena, Y., Odoms-Young, A., Willis, S., & Kim, H.Salinas, M. ( 2006). Weight, diet, and physical activity-related beliefs and practices among pregnant and postpartum Latino women: The role of social support . Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10, 95-104.
63.
Timmerman, G., & Acton, G. ( 2001). The relationship between basic need satisfaction and emotional eating. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22, 691-701.
64.
Waller, G., & Osman, S. ( 1998). Emotional eating and eating psychopathology among non-eating-disordered women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 419-424.
65.
Webb, J., Siega-Riz, A., & Dole, N. ( 2008). Psychosocial determinants of adequacy of gestational weight gain. Obesity, 17, 300-309. doi:10.1038/oby. 2008.490.
66.
Willett, W. ( 1998). Nutritional epidemiology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
67.
Zhou, Q., O’Brien, B., & Relyea, J. ( 1999). Severity of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: What does it predict?Birth, 26, 108-114.
68.
Zhou, Q., O’Brien, B., & Soeken, K. ( 2001). Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting-Form 2 in pregnant women: A confirmatory factor analysis. Nursing Research, 50, 251-257.
69.
Ziche, M., Maglione, D., Ribatti, S., Morbidelli, L., Lago, C., Battisti, M., ... Persico, M. ( 1997). Placental growth factor-1 is chemotactic, mitogenic, and angiogenic. Laboratory Investigation, 76, 517-531.
70.
Zuckerman, B., Amaro, H., Bauchner, H., & Cabral, H. ( 1989). Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Relationship to poor health behaviors. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 160, 1107-1111.
