In April 1973 Subcommittee C-16.30 of ASTM Committee C-16 presented the milestone paper "What Property Do We Measure?" recognizing that a single measurement on an insulating material could not represent a material property. Since that paper a lot of research has been done and in the meantime ISO Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation was established, soon becoming an excellent international forum for new ideas and concepts
In this paper, that is not an official statement from ISO/TC 163, we first analyze what a figure means that we get from a guarded hot plate or heat flow meter appara tus. Two concepts can be stressed: (1) a material can possess an intrinsic property but this may need more than one number to be assigned and (2) a test result, in many in stances, is not a measure of a material property, but it is rather a more or less complex function of material properties and testing conditions.
A change in testing philosophy is then proposed: instead of asking for as many measurements as those duplicating all end use conditions, the minimum number of measurements to foresee all conditions of practical interest should be defined.
To be consistent with the concepts just outlined, new parameters, and hence new terms, are needed to unambiguously describe thermal performance of insulating ma terials.
ASTM Subcommittee C16.30. "What Property Do We Measure?" ASTM STP 544, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp. 5-12 (1974).
2.
Hust, J.G. and A.B. Lankford. "Comments on the Measurement of Thermal Conductivity and Presentation of a Thermal Conductivity Integral Method," International Journal of Thermophysics, 3(1):67-77 (1982).
3.
Larkin, B.K. "A Study of the Rate of Thermal Radiation through Porous Insulating Materials," Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan (1957).
4.
Larkin, B.K. and S.W. Churchill. "Heat Transfer by Radiation through Porous Insulations," AIChE Journal, 5:467-474 (1959).
5.
Pelanne, C.M. "Does the Insulation Have a Thermal Conductivity? The Revised ASTM Test Standards Require an Answer," ASTM STP 660, Philadelphia : ASTM, pp. 60-70 (1978).
6.
Tong, T.W.Thermal Radiation in Fibrous Insulations:' Ph.D. Thesis, Berkeley University (1980).
7.
Houston, R.L. "Combined Radiation and Conduction in a Non Gray Participating Medium that Absorbs, Emits and Anisotropically Scatters," Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University (1980).
8.
Houston, R.L. and S.A. Korpela. "Heat Transfer through Fiberglass Insulations," in Proceedings of the 7th International Heat Transfer Conference —Munich, Washington: Hemisphere Publ. Co., 2:499-504.
9.
Pelanne, C.M. "Discussion on Experiments to Separate the 'Effect of Thickness' from Systematic Equipment Errors in Thermal Transmission Measurements," ASTM STP 718, Philadelphia:ASTM, pp. 322-334 (1980)
10.
Shirtliffe, C.J. "Effect of Thickness on the Thermal Properties of Thick Specimens of Low-Density Thermal Insulation," ASTM STP 718, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp. 36-50 (1980).
11.
Albers, M.A. and C.M. Pelanne. "An Experimental and Mathematical Study of the Effect of Thickness in Low-Density Glass-Fiber Insulation," m Proceedings 17 Int. Thermal Conductivity Conference , New York:Plenum Press, pp. 471-481 (1983).
12.
Jaouen, J.L. and S. Klarsfeld. "Heat Transfer through a Still Air Layer," ASTM C16 Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems , ASTM STP 922, Philadelphia: ASTM , pp. 283-294 (1988).
13.
Guilbert, G. "Etude des caractéristiques optiques de milieux poreux semitransparents ," Thèse, Université de Nancy (1985).
14.
McKay, N.L. , T. Timusk and B Farnworth. "Determination of Optical Properties of Fibrous Thermal Insulation," J Appl Phys., 55:4064-4071 (1984).
15.
Uny, G. "Modellisation du transfert couplé rayonnement-convection au sein de materiaux poreux et identification de leurs proprietés radiatives. Application aux lams de verre," These, INSALyon (1986).
16.
Arduini, M.C. and F. De Ponte. "Combined Radiation and Conduction Heat Transfer in Insulating Materials," X ETPC, Rome, September 22-26, 1986, High Temperature-High Pressure , 19:237-249 (1987).
17.
Caps, R. and J. Fricke. "Radiative Transfer in Porous Insulations of Low Optical Densities," X ETPC, Rome, September 22-26, 1986, High Temperature-High Pressure, Vol. 19 (1987).
18.
Guilbert, G. , C. Langlais, G. Jeandel, G. Morlot and S. Klarsfeld. "Optical Characteristics of Semi-Transparent Porous Media ," X ETPC, Rome, September 22-26, 1986 , High Temperature-High Pressure, 19:251-259 (1987).
19.
Fricke, J., R. Caps, E. Hummer, G. Doll, M.C. Arduini and F. De Ponte "Optically Thin Fibrous Insulations," ASTM C16 Symposium on Insulation Matenals, Testing and Applications, Bal Harbour, Florida, December 6-9, 1987.
20.
Degenne, M., S. Klarsfeld and M.P. Barthe. "Measurement of the Thermal Resistance of Thick Low-Density Mineral Fiber Insulation," ASTM STP 660, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp. 130-144 (1978).
21.
McCaa, D.J. "Implementation of a New Quality-Control Instrument for Thermal Measurements of a Low-Density Building Insulation," ASTM STP 718, Philadelphia :ASTM, pp 287-297 (1980)
22.
De Ponte, F. and W. Maccato. "The Calibration of Heat Flow Meters ," ASTM STP 718, Philadelphia:ASTM , pp. 237-254 (1980).
23.
De Ponte, F. "Present and Future Research on Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Apparatus," ASTM STP 879, PhiladelphiaASTM, pp 101-120 (1985)
24.
Bode, K.H. "Thermal Conductivity Measurements with the Plate Apparatus: Influence of the Guard Ring Width on the Accuracy of Measurements," ASTM STP 879, Philadelphia:ASTM, pp. 29-48 (1985).
25.
Bomberg, M. and K.R. Solvason. "Precision and Accuracy of Guarded Hot Plate Method," in Proceedings 17 Int Thermal Conductivity Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, June 15-18, 1981, New York Plenum Press, pp. 393-410 (1983).
26.
Degenne, M., J. Boulant and S. Klarsfeld "Mesures de caracteristiques thermiques des isolants, à basse temperatures, à l'aide d'une méthode fluxmétrique," IIF-IIR, Commission B1, 16th International Congress of Refrigeration, Pans, pp. 446-451 (1983)
27.
Siu, M C I. "Comparison of Results of Measurements Made on a Line-Heat-Source and a Distributed-Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus ," in Proceedings 17th Thermal Conductivity Conference , New York Plenum Press, pp. 413-418 (1983).
28.
Rennex, B. "Error Analysis for the NBS, 1016-mm Guarded Hot Plate," Journal of Thermal Insulation, 7:18-51 (July 1983 ).
29.
De Ponte, F. and D. Fournier. "Tendencies in Developing ISO Standards for the Determination of Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Insulating Materials: Technical Background, IIF-IIR, Commission B1, 16th International Congress of Refrigeration, Pans, pp. 624-629 (1983).
30.
Fournier, D. and F. De Ponte. "Orientations prises dans la mise au point de méthodes d'essais normalisées par l'ISO pour la mesure des proprietés de transfert en régime stationnalre sur les matereiaux isolants: historique et structure ," IIF-IIR, Commission B1, 16th International Congress of Refrigeration, Pans, pp. 453-460 (1983).
31.
Powell, F.J. "National Bureau of Standards Line-Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate for Thermal Conductivity of Thick Thermal Insulation Materials ," IIF-IIR, Commission B1, 16th International Congress of Refrigeration , Pans, pp 721-729 (1983).
32.
Bomberg, M., C.M. Pelanne and W.S. Newton. "Analysis of Incertainties in Calibration of a Heat Flowmeter Apparatus," Proceedings 18th Thermal Conductivity Conference, New York.Plenum Press , pp. 259-272 (1985)
33.
Degenne, M. and S. Klarsfeld "A New Type of Heat Flow Meter for Apphcation and Study of Insulation and Systems," ASTM STP 885, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp. 163-171 (1985)
34.
De Ponte, F., C. Langlais, J. Boulant and S. Klarsfeld. "Reference Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus for the Determination of Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties in Agreement with the New International Standard ISO/DIS 8302," in Thermal Conductivity, Vol 19 New York:Plenum Publishing Co , pp 223-240 (1988).
35.
Arduini, M.C. and F. De Ponte. "Analysis of Emittance Measurements with Heat Flowmeter and Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus," XVIII ICHMT Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Cryoengineering and Refrigeration , Dubrovnik, September 1-5, 1986, Washington:Hemisphere Pub (to be published)
36.
De Ponte, F. , C. Langlais, J. Boulant and S. Klarsfeld. "Reference Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus for the Determination of Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties in Agreement with the New International Standard ISO DIS 8302. Low Temperature Applications ," in Proceedings of the XVII International Congress of Refrigeration , Vienna, Vol. B, pp. 367-371 (1987).
37.
Jaouen, J.L. and S. Klarsfeld "Heat Transfer through a Still Air Layer in Thermal Insulation: Materials and Systems," ASTM STP 922, Philadelphia: ASTM, pp. 283-294 (1987).
38.
Siu, M.C.I. "Fibrous Glass Board as a Standard Reference Material for Thermal Resistance Measurements Systems," ASTM STP 718, Philadelphia. ASTM, pp. 343-360 (1980)
39.
Ziebland, H. "Certification Report on a Reference Material for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Materials Between 170 K and 370 K," Resin-Bonded Glas-Fibre Board, the Community Bureau of Reference, RM 64, EUR 7677 EN, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium (1982).
40.
Rennex, B.G. , R.R. Jones and D.G. Ober. "Development of Calibration Transfer Specimens of Thick Low-Density Insulation," in Proceedings 17 International Conductivity Conference, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 419-426 (1983)
41.
De Ponte, F. "Standard Reference Materials in the European Community," Journal of Thermal Insulation, 8:94-106 (Oct. 1984)
42.
Hust, J.G. "Status of Thermal Conductivity Standard Reference Materials at the National Bureau of Standards," in Proceedings 18th International Conductivity Conference, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 327-338 (1985).
43.
Iso 7345 Thermal Insulation—Physical Quantities and Definitions, II Edition.
44.
Iso 8301 Thermal Insulation—Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties—Heat Flow Meter Method
45.
Iso 8302 Thermal Insulation—Determination of Steady State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties—Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus
46.
Iso 8990 Thermal Insulation—Determination of Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties—Calibrated and Guarded Hot Box
47.
Iso 9251 Thermal Insulation—Heat Transfer Conditions and Properties of Materials—Vocabulary.
48.
Iso 9288 Thermal Insulation—Heat Transfer by Radiation—Physical Quantities and Definitions
49.
Iso 9346 Thermal Insulation—Mass Transfer—Physical Quantities and Definitions.
