In order to be able to apply performance design procedures with regard to material flammability in building design, a comprehensive and coherent philosophy on material reaction-to-fire must be developed. This paper gives a general discussion on performance-based design and performance-based test methods for material flammability. A number of end-use scenarios and critical conditions are discussed. The dominant physical mechanisms leading to these critical conditions are described, indicating which material properties must be measured. Examples of how the properties can be used in mathematical modeling to predict critical conditions in full-scale tests are given, showing that these properties are indeed the desired product ofthe test methods. Finally, recommendations are given for the development of the methods so they can be used in fire safety engineering design.
Emmons, H.W.
, ‘‘Fire and Fire Protection’, Scientific American, Vol. 231, No. 1, 1974, pp. 21–27.
2.
Cox, G.
, Curtat, M., Di Blasi, C. and Kokkala, M., ‘‘Reaction to Fire of Construction Products, Area B: Fire Modelling’, Construction Research Communications Ltd., 1996, London.
3.
European Commission
, Commission Decision of9 September 1994, ‘‘Implementing Article 20 of Directive 89/106/EEC on Construction Products’, Official Journal of the European Communities, 16 September, Brussels, 1994.
4.
Proposed European Standard, prEN SBI 1999, ‘‘Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products – Building Products Excluding Floorings Exposed to the Thermal Attack by a Single Burning Item’, Technical Committee CEN/TC 127, Fire Safety in Buildings, BSI, June 1999.
5.
Babrauskas, V.
, ‘‘Redefining the Value of π in the European Union, Editorial’, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 29, 1997.
6.
Sundstrom, B.
, Van Hees, P. and Thureson, P., ‘‘Results and Analysis from Fire Tests of Building Products in ISO 9705, the Room Corner Test’, SP REPORT 1998:11, Boras, 1998.
7.
‘‘ISO 5660-1: 1993 Fire tests – Reaction to fire – Part 1: Rate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter Method)’, International Standards Organisation, 1993.
8.
‘‘ISO 9705:1993 Fire tests – Full-scale Room Test for Surface Products’, International Standards Organisation, 1993.
9.
CIB
, ‘‘Working with the Performance Approach in Building’, CIB Report 64, 1982.
10.
CIB
, ‘‘International Workshop on New Developments in Performance Based Test Methods’, Proceedings Publication 179, CIB, 1996.
11.
Karlsson, B.
and Kokkala, M., ‘‘New Developments in Performance Based Test Methods for Fire Safety Assessment of Products’, International Workshop on New Developments in Performance Based Test Methods, Proceedings Publication 179, CIB, 1996.
12.
Wickstrom, U.
, Personal Communication, SP, Boras, 1992.
13.
Proceedings ofthe International EUREFIC Seminar, Copenhagen11–12 September 1991, Interscience Communications Limited, London, 1991.
14.
Hasemi, Y.
, ‘‘Thermal Modeling of Upward Wall Flame Spread’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Hemisphere Pub. Co., 1986.
15.
Delichatsios, M.M.
, Mathews, M.K. and Delichatsios, M.A., ‘‘An Upward Flame Spread and Growth Simulation’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, 1991.
16.
Delichatsios, M.A.
, ‘‘Critical Conditions for Upward Flame Spread and Comparison with Empirical Flammability Indices’, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 106, 1995, p. 125-125.
17.
Beyler, C.L.
, Hunt, S.P., Ibqal, N. and Williams, F.W., ‘‘A Computer Model of Upward Flame Spread on Vertical Surfaces’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Melbourne, 1997.
18.
Saito, K.
, Quintiere, J.G. and Williams, F.A., ‘‘Upward Turbulent Flame Spread’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Hemisphere Pub. Co., 1986.
19.
Thomas, P.H.
and Karlsson, B., ‘‘On Upward Flame Spread on Thick Fuels, SELUTVDG/TVBB-3058’, Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, 1990.
20.
Karlsson, B.
, ‘‘Modelling Fire Growth on Combustible Lining Materials in Enclosures, Report TVBB 1009’, Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, 1992.
21.
Cleary, T.
and Quintiere, J.G., ‘‘A Framework for Utilizing Fire Property Tests’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, 1991.
22.
Baroudi, D.
and Kokkala, M., ‘‘Analysis of Upward Flame Spread’, VTT Publications 89, VTT, Espoo, Finland, 1992.
23.
Kokkala, M.
and Baroudi, D., ‘‘Upward Flame Spread and Heat Release Rate of Wood Products: Experiments and Numerical Modelling’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Melbourne, 1997.
24.
Gojkovic, D.
and Hultquist, H., ‘‘Incorporating Flame Spread and Fire Growth Algorithms into a Computational Zone Model’, Dept. of Fire Safety Eng., Report 5029, Lund University, Lund, 1999.
25.
North, G.
, Karlsson, B., Gojkovic, D. and Van Hees, P., ‘‘Simple Analytical and Numerical Techniques for Modelling Flame Spread on Solids’, Dept. of Fire Safety Eng., Report 3117, Lund University, Lund, 2000.
26.
Karlsson, B.
, ‘‘Models for Calculating Flame Spread on Wall Lining Materials and the Resulting Heat Release Rate in a Room’, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1994, pp. 365–386.
27.
Sundstrom, B.
, ‘‘Full Scale Fire Testing of Surface Materials’, SP-Rapp 1986:45, SP, Boras, Sweden, 1986.
28.
Grant, G.
and Drysdale, D., ‘‘Numerical Modelling of Early Flame Spread in Warehouse Fires’, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 24, 1995, pp. 247–278.
29.
Van Hees, P.
and Thureson, P., ‘‘Burning Behaviour of Cables-Mo delling of Flame Spread’, SP-Report 1996:30, SP, Boras, Sweden, 1996.
30.
Yan, Z.
and Holmstedt, G., ‘‘CFD and Experimental Studies of Room Fire Growth on Wall Lining Materials’, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 27Z, 1996, pp. 247–278.
31.
Tuovinen, H.
, Van Hees, P., Axelsson, J. and Karlsson, B., ‘‘Implementation ofa Physical Flame Spread Model in the SOFIE CFD Model’, SP-Report 1999:32, SP, Boras, Sweden, 1999.
32.
Lewis, M.J.
, Moss, J.B. and Rubini, P.A., ‘‘CFD Modelling of Combustion and Heat Transfer in Compartment Fires’, Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Melbourne, 1997.
33.
Yan, Z.
, ‘‘Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Combustion and Flame Spread’, Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, TVBB-1018, Lund, 1999.
34.
Andersson, B.
, ‘‘Model Scale Compartment Fire Tests with Wall Lining Materials’, Report LUTVDG/TVBB-3041, Dept. of Fire Safety Eng., Lund University, Lund, 1988.
