Effects of Perceived Placeness on Tourists’ Authenticity Experience Via the Mediating Role of Flow Experience

Abstract

Based on the case of Gaoshanliushui in China, our research empirically examines the mediating effect of tourists’ flow experience on the relationship between perceived placeness and satisfaction as well as their perceived authenticity from the perspective of existential authenticity in the ethnic tourism context. Moreover, we present a moderated mediation model and postulate the role that tourists’ cultural intelligence plays in improving satisfaction and perceived authenticity. We review the way it links perceived placeness to outcomes through the flow experience. The theoretical model and hypotheses were empirically tested using 509 questionnaires collected in July 2019. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Keywords

flow experience perceived placeness satisfaction perceived authenticity cultural intelligence

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Amoamo

(2013). (De)constructing place-myth: Pitcairn Island and the “bounty” story. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.699093

Anderson

J. C.

Gerbing

D. W.

(1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

Andriotis

(2011). Genres of heritage authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1613-1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.001

Ang

Van Dyne

Koh

K. Y.

Templer

K. J.

Tay

Chandrasekar

N. A.

(2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x

Augé

(2006). Non-places: Introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity. Verso. (Original work published 1995).

Bahrami

Narafshan

M. H.

(2018). Enhancing cultural intelligence and interpersonal communication: Multi-authenticity exposure in English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Journal of Education and Culture Studies, 2(2), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v2n2p87

Barclay

D. W.

Thompson

R. L.

Higgins

(1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to casual modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309.

Bentler

P. M.

Bonett

D. G.

(1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Borovay

L. A.

Shore

B. M.

Caccese

Yang

Hua

(2019). Flow, achievement level, and inquiry-based learning. Journal of Advanced Academics, 30(1), 74-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202x18809659

10.

Brown

(2013). Tourism: A catalyst for existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 40(January), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.08.004

11.

Bryce

Curran

O’Gorman

Taheri

(2015). Visitors’ engagement and authenticity: Japanese heritage consumption. Tourism Management, 46(February), 571-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.012

12.

Buchmann

Moore

Fisher

(2010). Experiencing film tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.005

13.

Cater

Albayrak

Caber

Taylor

(2021). Flow, satisfaction and storytelling: A causal relationship? Evidence from scuba diving in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(12), 1749-1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803221

14.

Cetin

(2020). Experience vs quality: Predicting satisfaction and loyalty in services. Service Industries Journal, 40(15-16), 1167-1182. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2020.1807005

15.

Colomer

(2020). Feeling like at home in airports: Experiences, memories and affects of placeness among third culture kids. Applied Mobilities, 5(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/23800127.2018.1436636

16.

Csikszentmihalyi

(1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

17.

da Silva deMatos

N. M.

de Sá

E. S.

de Oliveira Duarte

P. A.

(2021). A review and extension of the flow experience concept: Insights and directions for tourism research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38(April), 100802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100802

18.

Earley

P. C.

Ang

(2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press.

19.

Frías-Jamilena

D. M.

Sabiote-Ortiz

C. M.

Martín-Santana

J. D.

Beerli-Palacio

(2018). Antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence in tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8(June), 350-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.07.006

20.

(2019). Existential authenticity and destination loyalty: Evidence from heritage tourists. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12(June), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.008

21.

Gao

Bai

Park

(2017). Understanding sustained participation in virtual travel communities from the perspectives of is success model and flow theory. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(4), 475-509. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014563397

22.

Gilmore

J. H.

Pine

B. J. I.

(2007). Authenticity: What consumers really want. Harvard Business Review Press.

23.

Hair

J. F.

Jr. Sarstedt

Hopkins

Kuppelwieser

V. G.

(2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

24.

Hayes

A. F.

(2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. https://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf

25.

Hidalgo

M. C.

Hernández

(2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221

26.

Hsu

C. L.

H. P.

(2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & Management, 41(7), 853-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.08.014

27.

Bai

(2015). The construction of tourists’ placeness identity of Barkhor Street in Lhasa. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(10), 1632-1649. http://www.geog.com.cn/EN/10.11821/dlxb201510008

28.

Jackson

(2004). Local consumption cultures in a globalizing world. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00123.x

29.

Jackson

S. A.

(1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1996.10607928

30.

Jeong

J. H.

(2021, January). Involution of tradition and existential authenticity of the resident group in Nyuh-Kuning Village. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2021.1876076

31.

Kang

J.-W.

Lee

Namkung

(2018). The impact of restaurant patrons’ flow experience on SNS satisfaction and offline purchase intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(2), 797-816. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0537

32.

Kim

Y. J.

(2019). The impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on sport spectators’ flow experience and satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 93(April), 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.040

33.

Kim

Jamal

(2007). Touristic quest for existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.009

34.

Kim

Thapa

(2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8(June), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.08.002

35.

Kline

(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

36.

Kolar

Zabkar

(2010). A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the foundation of cultural heritage marketing? Tourism Management, 31(5), 652-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.010

37.

Landon

A. C.

Woosnam

K. M.

Kyle

G. T.

Keith

S. J.

(2020). Psychological needs satisfaction and attachment to natural landscapes. Environment and Behavior, 53(6), 661-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520916255

38.

Lew

A. A.

(2011). Understanding experiential authenticity through the best tourism places. Tourism Geographies, 13(4), 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.588245

39.

Lew

A. A.

(2017). Tourism planning and place making: Place-making or placemaking? Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 448-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1282007

40.

Macbeth

(1988). Ocean cruising. In Csikszentmihalyi

Csikszentmihalyi

I. S.

(Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 214-231). Cambridge University Press.

41.

MacKinnon

D. P.

Fritz

M. S.

Williams

Lockwood

C. M.

(2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 384-389. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193007

42.

MacKinnon

D. P.

Lockwood

C. M.

Williams

(2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4Min

43.

Min

Kim

H. J.

Agrusa

(2021). Serving diverse customers: The impact of cultural intelligence on employee burnout, engagement, and job satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211016031

44.

Muthén

(2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.

45.

Nakamura

Csikszentmihalyi

(2009). The concept of flow. In Snyder

C. R.

Lopez

S. J.

(Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89-105). Oxford University Press.

46.

Nost

(2013). The power of place: Tourism development in Costa Rica. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 88-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.699090

47.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Lee

J. Y.

Podsakoff

N. P.

(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

48.

Prayag

Ryan

(2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321

49.

Presbitero

(2020). Foreign language skill, anxiety, cultural intelligence and individual task performance in global virtual teams: A cognitive perspective. Journal of International Management, 26(2), 100729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2019.100729

50.

Rakić

Chambers

(2012). Rethinking the consumption of places. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1612-1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.003

51.

Ram

Björk

Weidenfeld

(2016). Authenticity and place attachment of major visitor attractions. Tourism Management, 52(February), 110-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.010

52.

Relph

(1976). Place and placelessness. Pion Limited.

53.

Richards

(2020). Designing creative places: The role of creative tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 85(November), 102922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102922

54.

Rickly-Boyd

J. M.

(2013). Existential authenticity: Place matters. Tourism Geographies, 15(4), 680-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.762691

55.

Scannell

Gifford

(2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006

56.

Sharma

Hussain

(2017). Current status and future directions for cultural intelligence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46(1), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2016.1264444

57.

Smith

(1977). Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism. University of Pennsylvania Press.

58.

Spiller

S. A.

Fitzsimons

G. J.

Lynch

J. G.

Jr. McClelland

G. H.

(2013). Spotlights, floodlights, and the magic number zero: Simple effects tests in moderated regression. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(2), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.12.0420

59.

Sternberg

R. J.

(2003). A broad view of intelligence: The theory of successful intelligence. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 55(3), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.55.3.139

60.

Stokols

Shumaker

S. A.

(1981). People and places: A transactional view of settings. In Harvey

(Ed.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp. 441-488). Lawrence Erlbaum.

61.

(2010). The imagination of place and tourism consumption: A case study of Lijiang Ancient Town, China. Tourism Geographies, 12(3), 412-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.494688

62.

Thomas

D. C.

(2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 78-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275266

63.

Thomas

D. C.

Elron

Stahl

Ekelund

B. Z.

Ravlin

E. C.

Cerdin

J.-L.

Poelmans

Brislin

Pekerti

Aycan

Maznevski

Lazarova

M. B.

(2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595808091787

64.

Thomas

D. C.

Liao

Aycan

Cerdin

J. L.

Pekerti

A. A.

Ravlin

E. C.

Stahl

G. K.

Lazarova

M. B.

Fock

Arli

Moeller

Okimoto

T. G.

Vijver

(2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(9), 1099-1118. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.67

65.

Tiberghien

Bremner

Milne

(2020). Authenticity and disorientation in the tourism experience. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 30(June), 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100283

66.

Truong

T. L. H.

Lenglet

Mothe

(2018). Destination distinctiveness: Concept, measurement, and impact on tourist satisfaction. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8(June), 214-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.04.004

67.

Tsai

S.-P.

(2012). Place attachment and tourism marketing: Investigating international tourists in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.842

68.

Tse

D. C. K.

Nakamura

Csikszentmihalyi

(2020). Beyond challenge-seeking and skill-building: Toward the lifespan developmental perspective on flow theory. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579362

69.

Tuan

Y. F.

(1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. University of Minnesota Press.

70.

Uriely

Belhassen

(2005). Drugs and tourists’ experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272024

71.

Van Dyne

Ang

Koh

, (2008). Development and validation of the CQS: The Culture Intelligence Scale. In Ang

Van Dyne

(Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 16-38). Routledge.

72.

Vester

H.-G.

(1987). Adventure as a form of leisure. Leisure Studies, 6(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614368700390191

73.

Wang

(1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 349-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0

74.

Wang

Chen

J. S.

(2015). The influence of place identity on perceived tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 52(May), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.016

75.

Wang

(2015). Influence of place-based senses of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem and self-efficacy on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Tourism Management, 47(April), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.007

76.

Whetten

D. A.

(2009). An examination of the interface between context and theory applied to the study of Chinese organizations. Management and Organization Review, 5(1), 29-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00132.x

77.

Wigley

(2018). Everyday mobilities and the construction of subjective spiritual geographies in “non-places.” Mobilities, 13(3), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2017.1342972

78.

Williams

D. R.

Patterson

M. E.

Roggenbuck

J. W.

Watson

A. E.

(1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513155

79.

Woosnam

K. M.

Aleshinloye

K. D.

Ribeiro

M. A.

Stylidis

Jiang

Erul

(2018). Social determinants of place attachment at a world heritage site. Tourism Management, 67(August), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.012

80.

C. H. J.

Liang

R. D.

(2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, 32(2), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.001

81.

Lin

V. S.

Jin

Luo

(2017). The authenticity of heritage sites, tourists’ quest for existential authenticity, and destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 56(8), 1032-1048. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516675061

82.

Zatori

Smith

M. K.

Puczko

(2018). Experience-involvement, memorability and authenticity: The service provider’s effect on tourist experience. Tourism Management, 67(August), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.013

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.05 MB