Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Recently, the application of neuroscience methods and findings to the study of organizational phenomena has gained significant interest and converged in the emerging field of organizational neuroscience. Yet, this body of research has principally focused on the brain, often overlooking fuller analysis of the activities of the human nervous system and associated methods available to assess them. In this article, we aim to narrow this gap by reviewing heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which is that set of methods assessing beat-to-beat changes in the heart rhythm over time, used to draw inference on the outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In addition to anatomo-physiological and detailed methodological considerations, we discuss related theoretical, ethical, and practical implications. Overall, we argue that this methodology offers the opportunity not only to inform on a wealth of constructs relevant for management inquiries but also to advance the overarching organizational neuroscience research agenda and its ecological validity.

Keywords

affect and cognition autonomic nervous system (ANS)ecological validity electrocardiogram (ECG)heart rate variability (HRV)neuroscience methods neurofeedback organizational neuroscience physiological measures research design

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Acharya

Joseph

K. P.

Kannathal

Lim

C. M.

Suri

J. S.

(2006). Heart rate variability: A review. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 44, 1031–1051.

Acharya

Kumar

Bhat

P. S.

Lim

C. M.

Kannathal

Krishnan

S. M.

(2004). Classification of cardiac abnormalities using heart rate signals. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 42, 288–293.

Akay

(2012). Biomedical signal processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Akselrod

Gordon

Ubel

F. A.

Shannon

D. C.

Berger

A. C.

Cohen

R. J.

(1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science, 213, 220–222.

Antony

M. M.

Brown

T. A.

Craske

M. G.

Barlow

D. H.

Mitchell

W. B.

Meadows

E. A.

(1995). Accuracy of heartbeat perception in panic disorder, social phobia, and nonanxious subjects. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 355–371.

Appelhans

B. M.

Luecken

L. J.

(2006). Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Review of General Psychology, 10, 229–240.

Armour

J. A.

Murphy

D. A.

Yuan

B. X.

MacDonald

Hopkins

D. A.

(1997). Gross and microscopic anatomy of the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Anatomical Record, 247, 289–298.

Aubert

A. E.

Seps

Beckers

(2003). Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Medicine, 33, 889–919.

Bagozzi

R. P.

Verbeke

W. J.

Dietvorst

R. C.

Belschak

F. D.

van den Berg

W. E.

Rietdijk

W. J.

(2013). Theory of mind and empathic explanations of Machiavellianism a neuroscience perspective. Journal of Management, 39, 1760–1798.

10.

Barsade

S. G.

(2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644–675.

11.

Barsade

S. G.

Gibson

D. E.

(2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 36–59.

12.

Bechara

Damasio

Tranel

Damasio

A. R.

(1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293–1295.

13.

Becker

W. J.

Cropanzano

Sanfey

A. G.

(2011). Organizational neuroscience: Taking organizational theory inside the neural black box. Journal of Management, 37, 933–961.

14.

Becker

W. J.

Menges

J. I.

(2013). Biological implicit measures in HRM and OB: A question of how not if. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 219–228.

15.

Berntson

G. G.

Stowell

J. R.

(1998). ECG artifacts and heart period variability: Don’t miss a beat! Psychophysiology, 35, 127–132.

16.

Bigger

J. T.

Steinman

R. C.

Rolnitzky

L. M.

Fleiss

J. L.

Albrecht

Cohen

R. J.

(1996). Power law behavior of RR-interval variability in healthy middle-aged persons, patients with recent acute myocardial infarction, and patients with heart transplants. Circulation, 93, 2142–2151.

17.

Billman

G. E.

(2013). The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 26.

18.

Blascovich

Mendes

W. B.

Hunter

S. B.

Lickel

Kowai-Bell

(2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 253–267.

19.

Bonnemeier

Wiegand

U. K.

Brandes

Kluge

Katus

H. A.

Richardt

Potratz

(2003). Circadian profile of cardiac autonomic nervous modulation in healthy subjects. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 14, 791–799.

20.

Bootsma

Swenne

C. A.

Van Bolhuis

H. H.

Chang

P. C.

Cats

V. M.

Bruschke

A. V.

(1994). Heart rate and heart rate variability as indexes of sympathovagal balance. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 266, H1565–H1571.

21.

Brener

Liu

Ring

(1993). A method of constant stimuli for examining heartbeat detection: Comparison with the Brener-Kluvitse and Whitehead methods. Psychophysiology, 30, 657–665.

22.

Brennan

Palaniswami

Kamen

(2001). Do existing measures of Poincare plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability? IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 48, 1342–1347.

23.

Brotheridge

C. M.

Grandey

A. A.

(2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17–39.

24.

Cacioppo

J. T.

(1994). Social neuroscience: Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress. Psychophysiology, 31, 113–128.

25.

Cacioppo

J. T.

Sandman

C. A.

(1978). Physiological differentiation of sensory and cognitive tasks as a function of warning, processing demands, and reported unpleasantness. Biological Psychology, 6, 181–192.

26.

Cacioppo

J. T.

Tassinary

L. G.

Berntson

(Eds.). (2007). Handbook of psychophysiology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

27.

Cameron

O. G.

(2002). Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

28.

Carroll

Rick Turner

Hellawell

J. C.

(1986). Heart rate and oxygen consumption during active psychological challenge: The effects of level of difficulty. Psychophysiology, 23, 174–181.

29.

Carvajal

Wessel

Vallverdú

Caminal

Voss

(2005). Correlation dimension analysis of heart rate variability in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 78, 133–140.

30.

Castaldo

Melillo

Bracale

Caserta

Triassi

Pecchia

(2015). Acute mental stress assessment via short term HRV analysis in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 18, 370–377.

31.

Castaldo

Melillo

Pecchia

(2015). Acute mental stress assessment via short term HRV analysis in healthy adults: a systematic review. In Lacković

Vasic

(Eds.), 6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (pp. 1–4). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

32.

Charness

Gneezy

Kuhn

M. A.

(2012). Experimental methods: Between-subject and within-subject design. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 81, 1–8.

33.

Choi

J. B.

Hong

Nelesen

Bardwell

W. A.

Natarajan

Schubert

Dimsdale

J. E.

(2006). Age and ethnicity differences in short-term heart-rate variability. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 421–426.

34.

Church

A. H.

(1997). Managerial self-awareness in high-performing individuals in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 281–292.

35.

Cole

C. R.

Blackstone

E. H.

Pashkow

F. J.

Snader

C. E.

Lauer

M. S.

(1999). Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1351–1357.

36.

Copie

Hnatkova

Staunton

Fei

Camm

A. J.

Malik

(1996). Predictive power of increased heart rate versus depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction: Results of a two-year follow-up study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 27, 270–276.

37.

Côté

Morgan

L. M.

(2002). A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 947–962.

38.

Cropanzano

R. S.

Massaro

Becker

W. J.

(2016). Deontic justice and organizational neuroscience. Journal of Business Ethics, In press.

39.

Davis

(1992). How to quickly and accurately master ECG interpretation. London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

40.

de Manzano

Ö.

Theorell

Harmat

Ullén

(2010). The psychophysiology of flow during piano playing. Emotion, 10, 301–311.

41.

Denver

J. W.

Reed

S. F.

Porges

S. W.

(2007). Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Biological Psychology, 74, 286–294.

42.

Diener

(2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.

43.

Edwards

J. R.

(1992). A cybernetic theory of stress, coping, and well-being in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 17, 238–274.

44.

Elfenbein

H. A.

(2007). Emotion in organizations: A review and theoretical integration. Academy of Management Annals, 1, 315–386.

45.

Franchini

K. G.

Cowley

A. W. J.

(2004). Autonomic control of cardiac function. In Robertson

Biaggioni

Burnstock

Low

P. A.

(Eds.), Primer on the autonomic nervous system (pp. 134–138). London: Elsevier Academic Press.

46.

Fritz

M. S.

MacKinnon

D. P.

(2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233–239.

47.

Gabella

(2012). Structure of the autonomic nervous system. London: Springer Science & Business Media.

48.

Garfinkel

S. N.

Minati

Gray

M. A.

Seth

A. K.

Dolan

R. J.

Critchley

H. D.

(2014). Fear from the heart: Sensitivity to fear stimuli depends on individual heartbeats. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 6573–6582.

49.

Goldberg

L. S.

Grandey

A. A.

(2007). Display rules versus display autonomy: Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 301–318.

50.

Goldberger

A. L.

(1996). Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: Chaos theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside. Lancet, 347, 1312–1314.

51.

Goldberger

A. L.

Amaral

L. A.

Glass

Hausdorff

J. M.

Ivanov

P. C.

Mark

R. G.

… Stanley

H. E.

(2000). Physiobank, physiotoolkit, and physionet components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals. Circulation, 101, e215–e220.

52.

González-Romá

Schaufeli

W. B.

Bakker

A. B.

Lloret

(2006). Burnout and work engagement: Independent factors or opposite poles? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 165–174.

53.

Gross

J. J.

(1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299.

54.

Grossman

R. I.

Bernat

J. L.

(2004). Incidental research imaging findings Pandora’s costly box. Neurology, 62, 849–850.

55.

Grossmann

R. I.

Sahdra

B. K.

Ciarrochi

(2016). A heart and a mind: Self-distancing facilitates the association between heart rate variability, and wise reasoning. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 68.

56.

Grossman

Taylor

E. W.

(2007). Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions. Biological Psychology, 74, 263–285.

57.

Hagemann

Waldstein

S. R.

Thayer

J. F.

(2003). Central and autonomic nervous system integration in emotion. Brain and Cognition, 52, 79–87.

58.

Hansen

A. L.

Johnsen

B. H.

Thayer

J. F.

(2003). Vagal influence on working memory and attention. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48, 263–274.

59.

Hautala

A. J.

Kiviniemi

A. M.

Tulppo

M. P.

(2009). Individual responses to aerobic exercise: The role of the autonomic nervous system. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 107–115.

60.

Hayano

Yamada

Sakakibara

Fujinami

Yokoyama

Watanabe

Takata

(1990). Short-and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability. American Journal of Cardiology, 65, 84–88.

61.

Hayano

Sakakibara

Yamada

Mukai

Fujinami

… Takata

(1991). Accuracy of assessment of cardiac vagal tone by heart rate variability in normal subjects. American Journal of Cardiology, 67, 199–204.

62.

Hibino

Moritani

Kawada

Fushiki

(1997). Caffeine enhances modulation of parasympathetic nerve activity in humans: Quantification using power spectral analysis. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 1422–1427.

63.

Hilz

M. J.

Dütsch

(2006). Quantitative studies of autonomic function. Muscle & Nerve, 33, 6–20.

64.

Hjortskov

Rissén

Blangsted

A. K.

Fallentin

Lundberg

Søgaard

(2004). The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 84–89.

65.

Hoshikawa

Yamamoto

(1997). Effects of Stroop color-word conflict test on the autonomic nervous system responses. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 272, H1113–H1121.

66.

Huang

W. L.

Chang

L. R.

Kuo

T. B.

Lin

Y. H.

Chen

Y. Z.

Yang

C. C.

(2013). Gender differences in personality and heart-rate variability. Psychiatry Research, 209, 652–657.

67.

Illes

Bird

S. J.

(2006). Neuroethics: A modern context for ethics in neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 511–517.

68.

Illes

Kirschen

M. P.

Edwards

Stanford

L. R.

Bandettini

Cho

M. K.

… Michael

D. B.

(2006). Incidental findings in brain imaging research: What should happen when a researcher sees a potential health problem in a brain scan from a research subject? Science, 311, 783–784.

69.

James

(1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 34, 188–205.

70.

Jessup

Abraham

W. T.

Casey

D. E.

Arthur

M. F.

Gary

S. Francis

… Yancy

C. W.

(2009). 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53, 1343–1382.

71.

Judge

T. A.

Ilies

(2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 797–807.

72.

Julien

(2006). The enigma of Mayer waves: Facts and models. Cardiovascular Research, 70, 12–21.

73.

Kamath

M. V.

Fallen

E. L.

(1995). Correction of the heart rate variability signal for ectopic and missing beats. In Malik

Camm

A. J.

(Eds.), Heart rate variability (pp. 75–85). Armonk, NY: Futura.

74.

Kamen

P. W.

Krum

Tonkin

A. M.

(1996). Poincare plot of heart rate variability allows quantitative display of parasympathetic nervous activity in humans. Clinical Science, 91, 201–208.

75.

Katkin

E. S.

(1985). Blood, sweat, and tears: Individual differences in autonomic self-perception. Psychophysiology, 22, 125–137.

76.

Katkin

E. S.

Blascovich

Goldband

(1981). Empirical assessment of visceral self-perception: Individual and sex differences in the acquisition of heartbeat discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1095–1101.

77.

Kaufmann

Sütterlin

Schulz

S. M.

Vögele

(2011). ARTiiFACT: A tool for heart rate artifact processing and heart rate variability analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 1161–1170.

78.

Keller

Bless

Blomann

Kleinböhl

(2011). Physiological aspects of flow experiences: Skills-demand-compatibility effects on heart rate variability and salivary cortisol. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 849–852.

79.

Kligfield

Gettes

L. S.

Bailey

J. J.

Childers

Deal

B. J.

Hancock

E. W.

… Pahlm

(2007). Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49, 1109–1127.

80.

Kuusela

(2012). Methodological aspects of heart rate variability analysis. In Kamath

Watanabe

M. M.

Upton

(Eds.), Heart rate variability (HRV) signal analysis: Clinical applications (pp. 10–42). London: CRC Press.

81.

Kyung Yang

Whan Lee

Hwi Lee

Jae Lee

Seop Kim

Choi

H. J.

Jun Kim

(2008t). Application for the wearable heart activity monitoring system: Analysis of the autonomic function of HRV. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE (pp. 1258–1261). Vancouver, BC: IEEE.

82.

Lacey

B. C.

Lacey

J. I.

(1978). Two-way communication between the heart and the brain: Significance of time within the cardiac cycle. American Psychologist, 33, 99–113.

83.

Lacey

J. I.

Lacey

B. C.

(1970). Some autonomic-central nervous system interrelationships. In Black

(Ed.), Physiological correlates of emotion (pp. 205–227). New York, NY: Academic Press.

84.

Larsen

J. T.

Berntson

G. G.

Poehlmann

K. M.

Ito

T. A.

Cacioppo

J. T.

(2008). The psychophysiology of emotion. In Lewis

Haviland-Jones

Feldman Barrett

(Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 180–195). New York, NY: Guildford Press.

85.

Lehrer

P. M.

Vaschillo

S. E.

Eckberg

D. L.

Edelberg

… Hamer

R. M.

(2003). Heart rate variability biofeedback increases baroreflex gain and peak expiratory flow. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 796–805.

86.

Lehrer

Vaschillo

S. E.

Eckberg

Vaschillo

Scardella

Habib

(2006). Heart rate variability biofeedback: Effects of age on heart rate variability, baroreflex gain, and asthma. Chest Journal, 129, 278–284.

87.

Levenson

R. W.

(1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23–27.

88.

Lombardi

(2000). Chaos theory, heart rate variability, and arrhythmic mortality. Circulation, 101, 8–10.

89.

Lombardi

(2002). Clinical implications of present physiological understanding of HRV components. Cardiac Electrophysiology Review, 6, 245–249.

90.

Lombardi

Malliani

Pagani

Cerutti

(1996). Heart rate variability and its sympatho-vagal modulation. Cardiovascular Research, 32, 208–216.

91.

Lovett

M. C.

(2005). A strategy-based interpretation of Stroop. Cognitive Science, 29, 493–524.

92.

Malik

Camm

A. J.

(1994). Heart rate variability and clinical cardiology. British Heart Journal, 71, 3–6.

93.

Malliani

Lombardi

Pagani

(1994). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability: A tool to explore neural regulatory mechanisms. British Heart Journal, 71, 1–2.

94.

Malliani

Pagani

Lombardi

Cerutti

(1991). Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation, 84, 482–492.

95.

Malpas

S. C.

Whiteside

E. A.

Maling

T. J.

(1991). Heart rate variability and cardiac autonomic function in men with chronic alcohol dependence. British Heart Journal, 65, 84–88.

96.

Massaro

(2014). Neuroscience methods: Promising tools to advance organizational research on affect. In Humphreys

(Ed.), 2014 Academy of Management Proceedings. Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Management.

97.

Massaro

(2015). Neurofeedback in the workplace: From neurorehabilitation hope to neuroleadership hype? International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 38, 276–278.

98.

Massaro

(2016). Neuroscientific methods applications in strategic management. In Dagnino

Cinci

(Eds.), Strategic management: A research method handbook (pp. 253–282). New York, NY: Routledge.

99.

Mayer

E. A.

(2011). Gut feelings: The emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 453–466.

100.

McCraty

(2005). Enhancing emotional, social, and academic learning with heart rhythm coherence feedback. Biofeedback, 33, 130–134.

101.

McCraty

Atkinson

Bradley

R. T.

(2004). Electrophysiological evidence of intuition: Part 1. The surprising role of the heart. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 10, 133–143.

102.

Melillo

Bracale

Pecchia

(2011). Nonlinear heart rate variability features for real-life stress detection. Case study: Students under stress due to university examination. Biomedical Engineering Online, 10, 96.

103.

Melillo

Fusco

Sansone

Bracale

Pecchia

(2011). Discrimination power of long-term heart rate variability measures for chronic heart failure detection. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 49, 67–74.

104.

Melillo

Izzo

Orrico

Scala

Attanasio

Mirra

… Pecchia

(2015). Automatic prediction of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events using heart rate variability analysis. PloS One, 10, e0118504.

105.

Mendes

W. B.

(2009). Assessing autonomic nervous system activity. In Harmon-Jones

Beer

J. S.

(Eds.), Methods in social neuroscience (pp. 118–147). New York, NY: Guildford Press.

106.

Mendez

M. O.

Ruini

D. D.

Villantieri

O. P.

Matteucci

Penzel

Cerutti

Bianchi

A. M.

(2007). Detection of sleep apnea from surface ECG based on features extracted by an autoregressive model. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007 29th annual international conference of the IEEE (pp. 6105–6108). Lyon, France: IEEE.

107.

Michael

M. G.

Michael

(2009). Uberveillance: Microchipping people and the assault on privacy. Quadrant, 53, 85.

108.

Monda

Viggiano

Vicidomini

Viggiano

Iannaccone

Tafuri

De Luca

(2009). Expresso coffee increases parasympathetic activity in young, healthy people. Nutritional Neuroscience, 12, 43–48.

109.

Montano

Ruscone

T. G.

Porta

Lombardi

Pagani

Malliani

(1994). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability to assess the changes in sympathovagal balance during graded orthostatic tilt. Circulation, 90, 1826–1831.

110.

Moody

G. B.

Mark

R. G.

(2001). The impact of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 20, 45–50.

111.

Morabito

(2016). Wearable technologies. In Morabito

(Ed.), The future of digital business innovation (pp. 23–42). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

112.

Morgan

C. A.

III Cho

Hazlett

Coric

Morgan

(2002). The impact of burnout on human physiology and on operational performance: A prospective study of soldiers enrolled in the combat diver qualification course. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 75, 199–205.

113.

Motowildo

S. J.

Borman

W. C.

Schmit

M. J.

(1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10, 71–83.

114.

Mukherjee

Yadav

Yung

Zajdel

D. P.

Oken

B. S.

(2011). Sensitivity to mental effort and test-retest reliability of heart rate variability measures in healthy seniors. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 2059–2066.

115.

Mulder

L. J. M.

(1992). Measurement and analysis methods of heart rate and respiration for use in applied environments. Biological Psychology, 34, 205–236.

116.

Murphy

Birn

R. M.

Bandettini

P. A.

(2013). Resting-state fMRI confounds and cleanup. Neuroimage, 80, 349–359.

117.

Naccache

Dehaene

Cohen

Habert

M. O.

Guichart-Gomez

Galanaud

Willer

J. C.

(2005). Effortless control: Executive attention and conscious feeling of mental effort are dissociable. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1318–1328.

118.

Nambisan

Baron

R. A.

(2013). Entrepreneurship in innovation ecosystems: Entrepreneurs’ self-regulatory processes and their implications for new venture success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37, 1071–1097.

119.

Okamoto-Mizuno

Yamashiro

Tanaka

Komada

Mizuno

Tamaki

… Shirakawa

(2008). Heart rate variability and body temperature during the sleep onset period. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 6, 42–49.

120.

Orini

Bailón

Laguna

Mainardi

L. T.

(2007). Modeling and estimation of time-varying heart rate variability during stress test by parametric and non parametric analysis. In 2007 computers in cardiology (pp. 29–32). Durham, NC: IEEE.

121.

Ouwerkerk

Pasveer

Engin

(2006). SAND: A modular application development platform for miniature wireless sensors. In 2006 International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (pp. 5–170). Cambridge, MA: IEEE.

122.

Pagani

Lucini

Porta

(2012). Sympathovagal balance from heart rate variability: Time for a second round? Experimental Physiology, 97, 1141–1142.

123.

Pan

Tompkins

W. J.

(1985). A real-time QRS detection algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 3, 230–236.

124.

Parati

Mancia

Di Rienzo

Castiglioni

(2006). Point: Counterpoint: Cardiovascular variability is/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101, 676–682.

125.

Park

H. D.

Correia

Ducorps

Tallon-Baudry

(2014). Spontaneous fluctuations in neural responses to heartbeats predict visual detection. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 612–618.

126.

Park

H. D.

Tallon-Baudry

(2014). The neural subjective frame: From bodily signals to perceptual consciousness. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B, 369, 20130208.

127.

Pecchia

Melillo

Sansone

Bracale

(2011). Discrimination power of short-term heart rate variability measures for CHF assessment. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 15, 40–46.

128.

Penzel

Kantelhardt

J. W.

Grote

Peter

J. H.

Bunde

(2003). Comparison of detrended fluctuation analysis and spectral analysis for heart rate variability in sleep and sleep apnea. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 50, 1143–1151.

129.

Pincus

S. M.

(1991). Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 88, 2297–2301.

130.

Prinsloo

G. E.

Rauch

H. G.

Lambert

M. I.

Muench

Noakes

T. D.

Derman

W. E.

(2011). The effect of short duration heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback on cognitive performance during laboratory induced cognitive stress. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 792–801.

131.

Porges

S. W.

(1997). Emotion: An evolutionary by-product of the neural regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 62–77.

132.

Porges

S. W.

(2001). The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123–146.

133.

Posner

Russell

J. A.

Peterson

B. S.

(2005). The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 715–734.

134.

Powell

Ansic

(1997). Gender differences in risk behavior in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 605–628.

135.

Quintana

D. S.

Guastella

A. J.

Outhred

Hickie

I. B.

Kemp

A. H.

(2012). Heart rate variability is associated with emotion recognition: Direct evidence for a relationship between the autonomic nervous system and social cognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 86, 168–172.

136.

Ramaekers

Ector

Aubert

A. E.

Rubens

Van de Werf

(1998). Heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Is the female autonomic nervous system cardioprotective? European Heart Journal, 19, 1334–1341.

137.

Rey

Neuhäuser

(2011). Wilcoxon-signed-rank test. In Lovric

(Ed.), International encyclopaedia of statistical science (pp. 1658–1659). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

138.

Richman

J. S.

Moorman

J. R.

(2000). Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 278, H2039–H2049.

139.

Robertson

Biaggioni

Burnstock

Low

P. A.

(2012). Primer on the autonomic nervous system. London: Elsevier Academic Press.

140.

Rodríguez-Liñares

Méndez

A. J.

Lado

M. J.

Olivieri

D. N.

Vila

X. A.

Gómez-Conde

(2011). An open source tool for heart rate variability spectral analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 103, 39–50.

141.

Rosenblueth

Simeone

F. A.

(1934). The interrelations of vagal and accelerator effects on the cardiac rate. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content, 110, 42–55.

142.

Rushmer

R. F.

Blackmon

J. R.

(1970). Cardiovascular dynamics. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Limited.

143.

Ryan

K. J.

Brady

J. V.

Cooke

R. E.

Height

D. I.

Jonsen

A. R.

King

… Turtle

R. H.

(1979). The Belmont report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Government Printing Office.

144.

Salomon

Ronchi

Dönz

Bello-Ruiz

Herbelin

Martet

… Blanke

(2016). The insula mediates access to awareness of visual stimuli presented synchronously to the heartbeat. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 5115–5127.

145.

Saper

C. B.

(2002). The central autonomic nervous system: Conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 433–469.

146.

Sayar

Güleç

Gökçe

(2002). Heart rate variability in depressed patients. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 130–133.

147.

Schandry

(1981). Heart beat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology, 18, 483–488.

148.

Schandry

Bestler

(1995). The association between parameters of cardiovascular function and heartbeat perception. In Vaitl

Schandry

(Eds.), From the heart to the brain: The psychophysiology of circulation-brain interaction (pp. 223–250). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

149.

Schuler

R. S.

(1980). Definition and conceptualization of stress in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 184–215.

150.

Senior

Lee

Butler

(2011). Perspective-organizational cognitive neuroscience. Organization Science, 22, 804–815.

151.

Sexton

D. L.

Bowman-Upton

(1990). Female and male entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination. Journal of Business Venturing, 5, 29–36.

152.

Shaffer

McCraty

Zerr

C. L.

(2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1040.

153.

Shen

M. J.

Zipes

D. P.

(2014). Role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation Research, 114, 1004–1021.

154.

Singh

Bharti

(2015). Software tools for heart rate variability analysis. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 6, 3501–3506.

155.

Society for Neuroscience. (1969). Society for Neuroscience archive, first council meeting minutes. SfN. Retrieved from https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-sfn/the-creation-of-neuroscience/establishing-the-society-for-neuroscience#ref31

156.

Sosik

J. J.

Godshalk

V. M.

(2000). Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress: A conceptual model and preliminary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 365–390.

157.

Stein

P. K.

Bosner

M. S.

Kleiger

R. E.

Conger

B. M.

(1994). Heart rate variability: A measure of cardiac autonomic tone. American Heart Journal, 127, 1376–1381.

158.

Street

M. D.

Douglas

S. C.

Geiger

S. W.

Martinko

M. J.

(2001). The impact of cognitive expenditure on the ethical decision-making process: The cognitive elaboration model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 256–277.

159.

Stroop

J. R.

(1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643.

160.

Sztajzel

(2004). Heart rate variability: A noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Medical Weekly, 134, 514–522.

161.

Taelman

Vandeput

Vlemincx

Spaepen

Van Huffel

(2011). Instantaneous changes in heart rate regulation due to mental load in simulated office work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 1497–1505.

162.

Tarvainen

M. P.

Niskanen

J. P.

Lipponen

J. A.

Ranta-Aho

P. O.

Karjalainen

P. A.

(2009). Kubios HRV—A software for advanced heart rate variability analysis. In 4th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (pp. 1022–1025). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

163.

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. (1996). Heart rate variability standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal, 17, 354–381.

164.

Thayer

J. F.

Friedman

B. H.

(2002). Stop that! Inhibition, sensitization, and their neurovisceral concomitants. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 123–130.

165.

Thayer

J. F.

Lane

R. D.

(2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 201–216.

166.

Thayer

J. F.

Siegle

G. J.

(2002). Neurovisceral integration in cardiac and emotional regulation. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 21, 24–29.

167.

Treister

Kliger

Zuckerman

Aryeh

I. G.

Eisenberg

(2012). Differentiating between heat pain intensities: The combined effect of multiple autonomic parameters. Pain, 153, 1807–1814.

168.

Trulla

L. L.

Giuliani

Zbilut

J. P.

Webber

C. L.

(1996). Recurrence quantification analysis of the logistic equation with transients. Physics Letters A, 223, 255–260.

169.

Tsakiris

Tajadura-Jiménez

Costantini

(2011). Just a heartbeat away from one’s body: Interoceptive sensitivity predicts malleability of body-representations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 2470–2476.

170.

Tulen

J. H. M.

Man’t Veld

A. J.

(1998). Noninvasive indices of autonomic regulation after alprazolam and lorazepam: Effects on sympathovagal balance. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 32, 183–190.

171.

Valenza

Citi

Lanatá

Scilingo

E. P.

Barbieri

(2014). Revealing real-time emotional responses: A personalized assessment based on heartbeat dynamics. Scientific Reports, 4, 4988.

172.

Vallejo

Márquez

M. F.

Borja-Aburto

V. H.

Cárdenas

Hermosillo

A. G.

(2005). Age, body mass index, and menstrual cycle influence young women’s heart rate variability. Clinical Autonomic Research, 15, 292–298.

173.

van Doornen

L. J.

Houtveen

J. H.

Langelaan

Bakker

A. B.

van Rhenen

Schaufeli

W. B.

(2009). Burnout versus work engagement in their effects on 24-hour ambulatory monitored cardiac autonomic function. Stress and Health, 25, 323–331.

174.

Van Velsor

Taylor

Leslie

J. B.

(1993). An examination of the relationships among self-perception accuracy, self-awareness, gender, and leader effectiveness. Human Resource Management, 32, 249–263.

175.

Verlinde

Beckers

Ramaekers

Aubert

A. E.

(2001). Wavelet decomposition analysis of heart rate variability in aerobic athletes. Autonomic Neuroscience, 90, 138–141.

176.

Waldman

D. A.

Balthazard

P. A.

Peterson

S. J.

(2011). Leadership and neuroscience: Can we revolutionize the way that inspirational leaders are identified and developed? Academy of Management Perspectives, 25, 60–74.

177.

Ward

M. K.

Volk

Becker

W. J.

(2015). An overview of organizational neuroscience. In Waldman

D. A.

Baltazhard

P. A.

(Eds.), Organizational neuroscience (monographs in leadership and management (Vol. 7, pp. 17–50). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

178.

Wiens

Mezzacappa

E. S.

Katkin

E. S.

(2000). Heartbeat detection and the experience of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 417–427.

179.

Wilson

F. N.

Macleod

A. G.

Barker

P. S.

Johnston

F. D.

(1934). The determination and the significance of the areas of the ventricular deflections of the electrocardiogram. American Heart Journal, 10, 46–61.

180.

Yammarino

F. J.

Atwater

L. E.

(1993). Understanding self-perception accuracy: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 32, 231–247.

181.

Yeo

Neal

(2008). Subjective cognitive effort: A model of states, traits, and time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 617.

182.

Zhang

(2007). Effect of age and sex on heart rate variability in healthy subjects. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 30, 374–379.

183.

Ziegler

Piolot

Strassburger

Lambeck

Dannehl

(1999). Normal ranges and reproducibility of statistical, geometric, frequency domain, and non-linear measures of 24-hour heart rate variability. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 31, 672–679.

184.

Zohar

A. H.

Cloninger

C. R.

McCraty

(2013). Personality and heart rate variability: Exploring pathways from personality to cardiac coherence and health. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 32.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.49 MB

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis: A Methodology for Organizational Neuroscience

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material