This article reports on one of the few experimental studies in Europe to examine work site smoking cessation. The study examined whether a comprehensive intervention (self-help manuals, group courses, a mass media campaign, smoking policies, and a second-year program) is more effective than a minimal intervention (self-help manuals only). Eight work sites participated in the study. The effect of treatment on smoking cessation depended on nicotine dependency levels: Heavy smokers had more success with the comprehensive smoking cessation intervention than with the minimal intervention (with respect to both 14-month quit rate and 6-month prolonged abstinence). For heavy smokers, exposure to mass media exhibitions or to group courses had a beneficial effect on prolonged abstinence. Comprehensive programs may be most appropriate in Dutch work sites with large proportions of heavily addicted smokers.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. European Bureau for Action on Smoking Prevention: Tobacco and Health in the European Union: An Overview. Brussels, European Bureau for Action on Smoking Prevention, 1994.
2.
2. Fiore MC, Piasecki TM, Baker TB: Signal and noise in minimal interventions for smoking cessation (editorial). Tobacco Control4:114-116, 1995.
3.
3. Joossens L, Naet C, Howie C, Muldoon A: Tobacco and Health in the European Union: An Overview. Brussels, European Bureau for Action on Smoking Prevention, 1994.
4.
4. Ruwaard D, Kramers PGN (eds.): Public Health Status Forecasts: The Health Status of the Dutch Population Over the Period 1950-2010. The Hague, SDU/RIVM, 1993.
5.
5. Dutch Foundation on Smoking and Health: Annual Report 1995. The Hague, StiVoRo, 1996.
6.
6. Willemsen MC: Kicking the Habit: The Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Programs in Dutch Work Sites. Ph.D. thesis, Maastricht, Maastricht University, 1997.
7.
7. Mielck A: Worksite smoking cessation programs: Need in West Germany and recommendations for evaluation. Soz Praeventivmed35: 125-128, 1990.
8.
8. Serrano-Aguilar PG: Smoking cessation programs at the work site: The need for its implementation in Spain. Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr)67:343-349, 1993.
9.
9. Dutch Foundation on Smoking and Health: Pretest Smoking Bans in Industry. The Hague, StiVoRo, 1990.
10.
10. GBW-NIPO: Worksite Health Promotion: GBW-NIPO Survey. The Hague, Centrum GBW, 1996.
11.
11. Linnan LA, Emmons KM, Galuska EC, Abrams DB: Smoking control at the work place: Current status and emerging issues. Rhode Island Med76:510-514, 1993.
12.
12. Bibeau DL, Mullen KD, McLeroy KR, Green LW, Foshee V: Evaluations of workplace smoking cessation programs: A critique. Am J Prev Med4:87-95, 1988.
13.
13. Hallet R: Smoking interventions in the workplace: Review and recommendations. Prev Med15:213-231, 1986.
14.
14. Klesges RC, Brown K, Pascale RW, Murphy M, Williams E, Cigrang JA: Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. Health Psychol7:575-589, 1988.
15.
15. Stoffelmayr BE, Benishek L, Coelho R, Mavis B, Moallemian P: Worksite smoking reduction: A review of research and programs, in Mayer JP, Davis JK (eds.): Worksite Health Promotion: Needs, Approaches, and Effectiveness. Lansing, Michigan Department of Public Health, 1991.
16.
16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer and Chronic Lung Disease in the Workplace. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985. (DHHS Pub. No. 85-50207.)
17.
17. Fisher KJ, Glasgow RE, Terborg JR: Work-site smoking cessation: Ameta-analysis of long-term quit rates from controlled studies. J Occup Med32:429-439, 1990.
18.
18. Pucci LG, Haglund B: "Naturally smoke free": A support program for facilitating work site smoking control policy implementation in Sweden. Health Promot Int9:177-187, 1994.
19.
19. Sutton S, Hallett R: Smoking intervention in the workplace using videotapes and nicotine chewing gum. Prev Med17:48-59, 1988.
20.
20. Hallett R, Sutton SR: Predicting participation and outcome in four workplace smoking intervention programmes. Health Educ Res2:257-266, 1987.
21.
21. Kortnitzer M, Dramaix M, Kittel F, DeBacker G: The Belgian Heart Disease Prevention Project: Changes in smoking habits after two years of intervention. Prev Med9:496-503, 1980.
22.
22. Willemsen MC, De Vries H: Evaluation of a smoking cessation program consisting of a self-help method and a group program. Tobacco Control4:351-354, 1995.
23.
23. Schwarz JL: Review and Evaluation of Smoking Cessation Methods: The United States and Canada, 1978-1985. Washington, DC, National Cancer Institute, 1987. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Pub. No. 87-2940.)
24.
24. Bertera RL, Oehl LK, Telepchak JM: Self-help versus group approaches to smoking cessation in the workplace: Eighteen-month follow-up and cost-analysis. Am J Health Promot4: 187-192, 1990.
25.
25. Mudde AN, De Vries H, Willemsen MC, Van Assema P: Development and utilization of a self-help manual for community smoking cessation interventions, in Richmond R (ed.): Interventionsfor Smokers: An International Perspective. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1994, pp. 293-322.
26.
26. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC: Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol51:390-396, 1983.
27.
27. Mudde A, Dolders M, De Vries H: Evaluation of the intervention: The adult population, in Baan B, Breteler HMH, Van der Rijt GAJ (eds.): Evaluatie van de actie 'Samen stoppen met roken'. The Hague, StiVoRo, 1994, pp. 22-44.
28.
28. Abrams DB, Biener L: Motivational characteristics of smokers at the workplace: A public health challenge. Prev Med21:679-687, 1992.
29.
29. Dawley HH, Fleischer BJ, Dawley LT: Smoking cessation with hospital employees: An example of work site smoking cessation. Int J Addict19:327-334, 1984.
30.
30. Dawley LT, Dawley HH, Glasgow RE, Rice J, Correa P: Worksite smoking control, discouragement, and cessation. Int J Addict28:719-733, 1993.
31.
31. Glasgow RE, Terborg JR, Hollis JF, Severson HH, Boles SM: Take heart: Results from the initial phase of a work-site wellness program. Am J Public Health85:209-216, 1995.
32.
32. Sorensen G, Thompson B, Glanz K, Feng Z, Kinne S, DiClemente C, Emmons K, Heimendinger J, Probart C, Lichtenstein E: Work site-based cancer prevention: Primary results from the Working Well Trial. Am J Public Health86:939-947, 1996.
33.
33. Biener L, DePue JD, Emmons L, Abrams DB: Recruitment of work sites to a health promotion research trial. J Occup Med36:631-636, 1994.
34.
34. Lichtenstein E, Glasgow RE: Smoking cessation: What have we learned over the past decade?J Consult Clin Psychol60:518-527, 1992.
35.
35. Gruman J, Lynn W: Worksite and community intervention for tobacco control, in Orleans CT, Slade J (eds.): Nicotine Addiction: Principles and Management. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 396-411.
36.
36. Mudde AN: Ex-smokers Talk About Quitting Smoking: Smoking Cessation at the Workplace. The Hague, StiVoRo, 1993.
37.
37. Rimer BK, Orleans CT, Fleisher L, Christinzio S, Resch N, Telepchak J, Keintz MKK: Does tailoring matter? The impact of a tailored guide on ratings and short-term smoking related outcomes for older smokers. Health Educ Res9:60-84, 1994.
38.
38. Strecher VJ, Kreuter M, Den Boer DJ, Kobrin S, Hospers H, Skinner CS: The effects of computer-tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. J Fam Pract39:262-268, 1994.
39.
39. Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Bellis JM, DiClemente CC, Rossi JS, Fava JL, Steiger JH: An expert system intervention for smoking cessation. Addict Behav18:269-290, 1993.
40.
40. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO: The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict86:119-127, 1991.
41.
41. Pommerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF: Reliability of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addict Behav19:33-39, 1994.
42.
42. Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Rossi JS, Snow MG: Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychol Bull111: 23-41, 1992.
43.
43. Hellman R, Cummings KM, Haughey BP, Zielezny MA, O'Shea RM: Predictors of attempting and succeeding at smoking cessation. Health Educ Res6:77-86, 1991.
44.
44. Lichtenstein E, Cohen S: Prospective analysis of two modes of unaided smoking cessation. Health Educ Res5:63-72, 1990.
45.
45. Stuart K, Borland R, McMurray N: Self-efficacy, health locus of control, and smoking cessation. Addict Behav19:1-12, 1994.
46.
46. Sussman S, Witney-Saltiel A, Budd RJ, Spiegel D, Brannon BR, Hansen WB, Johnson CA, Flay BR: Joiners and non-joiners in work site smoking treatment: Pretreatment smoking by significant others, expectations to quit as predictors. Addict Behav14:113-119, 1989.
47.
47. Kavanagh DJ, Pierce J, Kai Lo S, Shelley J: Self-efficacy and social support as predictors of smoking after a quit attempt. Psychol Health8:231-242, 1993.
48.
48. Bryk AS, Raudenbusch SW: Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1993.
49.
49. Longford NT: Random Coefficient Models. Oxford, Clarendon, 1995.
50.
50. Goldstein H: Multilevel Statistical Models. London, Edward Arnold, 1995.
51.
51. Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation: EGRET Reference Manual. Seattle, WA, Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation, 1993.
52.
52. Murray DM, O'Connell CM, Schmid LA, Perry CL: The validity of smoking self-reports by adolescents: A re-examination of the Bogus pipeline procedure. Addict Behav12:7-15, 1987.
53.
53. Hymowitz N, Campbell K, Feuerman M: Long-term smoking intervention at the work site: Effects of quit-smoking groups and an "enriched milieu" on smoking cessation in adult white-collar employees. Health Psychol10:366-369, 1991.
54.
54. Salina D, Jason LA, Hedeker D, Kaufman J, Lesondak L, McMahon SD, Taylor S, Kimball P: A follow-up of a media-based work site smoking cessation program. Am J Community Psychol22:257-271, 1994.
55.
55. Strecher VJ, Kreuter M, Den Boer DJ, Kobrin S, Hospers H, Skinner CS: The effects of computer-tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. J Fam Pract39:262-268, 1994.
56.
56. Digiusto E, Bird KD: Matching smokers to treatment: Self-control versus social support. J Consult Clin Psychol63:290-295, 1995.
57.
57. McFall SL, Michener A, Rubin D, Flay BR, Mermelstein RJ, Burton D, Jelen P, Warnecke RB: The effects and use of maintenance newsletters in a smoking cessation intervention. Addict Behav18:151-158, 1993.
58.
58. Fisher EB, Bishop DB, Levitt-Gilmour TL, Cappello MT, Ashenberg ZS, Newman E: Social support in work site smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of the EASE Project. Am J Health Promot9:39-45, 1994.
59.
59. Abrams DB, Emmons KM, Linnan L, Biener L: Smoking cessation at the workplace: Conceptual and practical considerations, in Richmond R (ed.): Interventions for Smokers: An International Perspective. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1994, pp. 137-169.
60.
60. Willemsen MC, De Vries H, Oldenburg B, Van Breukelen G.: Impact of a Comprehensive Worksite Smoking Cessation Program on Employees Who Do Not Take Part in Cessation Activities. Manuscript under review.
61.
61. Baillie AJ, Mattick RP, Hall W: Quitting smoking: Estimation by meta-analysis of the rate of unaided smoking cessation. Aust J Public Health19:129-131, 1995.
62.
62. Fagerström KO, Kunze M, Schoberger R, Breslau N, Hughes JR, Hurt RD, Puska P, Ramström L, Zatonski W: Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: Comparisons among countries and categories of smokers. Tobacco Control5:52-56, 1996.
63.
63. Schoberger R, Kunze M, Fagerström KO: Motivation for smoking cessation and the influence of nicotine dependence. Third International Congress of Behavioral Medicine. Abstractbook. Amsterdam, 1996, p. 139-139.
