Freire used very specific materials in culture circles to support an empowering process that allowed learners to define the content and outcome of their own learning. However, the materials themselves were carefully crafted and developed by Freire and his co-workers. This article focuses on an extension of Freire's problem-posing educational methods to include participant involvement in the development and production of their own learning materials.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bandura A.: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall , 1986.
2.
Illich I.: Medical Nemesis. New York, NY, Bantam Books, 1977.
3.
Freudenberg N.: Shaping the future of health education: From behavior change to social change. Health Educ Monog6:372-377, 1978.
4.
Green LW: Modifying and developing health behavior. Annu Rev Public Health5:215-236, 1984.
5.
Minkler M.: Health education, health promotion and the open society: An historical perspective . Health Educ Q16:17 - 30, 1989.
6.
Braithwaite RL, Lythcott N.: Community empowerment as a strategy for health promotion for black and other minority populations. JAMA261:282-283, 1989.
7.
Minkler M., Cox K.: Creating critical consciousness in health: Applications of Freire's philosophy and methods to the health care setting. Int J Health Services10:311-322, 1980.
8.
Comings JP, Franz SC, Cain BC: Community participation in environmental health education materials . Convergence14:36-44, 1981.
9.
Roter DL, Rudd RE, Frantz SC, Comings JP: Community-produced materials for health education. Public Health Reports96:169-172, 1981.
10.
Roter DL, Rudd RE, Keogh J., Robinson B.: Worker produced health education material for the construction trades . Int Q Community Health Educ7:109-121, 1986- 1987.
11.
Wallerstein N., Bernstein E.: Empowerment education: Freire's ideas adapted to health education. Health Educ Q15:379-394, 1988.
12.
Freire P.: Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY, The Seabury Press, 1968.
13.
Brown C.: Literacy in 30 hours: Paulo Freire's process in Northeast Brazil. Soc Policy5:25-32, 1974.
14.
Freire P.: Education for Critical Consciousness. New York, NY, The Seabury Press, 1968.
15.
Non-formal Education in Ecuador 1971-1975. Amherst, MA , Center for International Education, University of Massachusetts, 1975.
16.
Comings J.: The Participatory Development of Materials and Media for Nonformal Education . A Dissertation. Amherst, MA, Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts, 1979 .
17.
Rudd RE, Kichen JM: Participatory Health Education Materials Development. Presented at the APHA Annual Meeting, October 1980 .
18.
Wallerstein N. : Powerlessness, empowerment, and health: Implications for promotion programs. Am J Health Promotion6:197-205, 1992.
