Delay in the Detection of Cancer: A Review of the Literature

Aitkcn-Swan J. , Paterson R. : The cancer patient: Delay in seeking advice . Brit Med J 1:623-627, 1955.

Alvarez WC : How early do physicians diagnose cancer of the stomach in themselves. JAMA 99:77-83, 1931.

Anderson DP : The cancer problem from the standpoint of the practicing physician in the small community. Minn Med 32:65-69, 1949.

Anonymous : Why people do or do not have cancer checkups. Cancer J Clinicians 17:76-69, 1967.

Antonovsky A. : A model to explain visits to the doctor: With specific reference to the case of Israel. J Health Soc Behav 13:446-454, 1972.

Antonovsky A. : The image of cancer in the eyes of the Israeli public. Harefuah 81:461-464, 1971 (Hebrew).

Antonovsky A. : Comparison of examinees in breast cancer detection clinics in Haifa and Jerusalem. Harefuah 83:598-603, 1972 (Hebrew).

Antonovsky A. , Kats R. : The model dental patient: An empirical study of preventive health behavior. Soc Sci Med 4:367-380, 1970.

Bar-Meir A. , Davies AM : Delay in the detection of cancer of the digestive tract. Harefuah 59:317-323, 1960 (Hebrew).

Bates FE , Ariel IM : Delay in treatment of cancer. III Med J 94:361-365, 1948.

Blackwell B. : The literature of delay in seeking medical care for chronic illness. Health Educ Monogr 16:3-31, 1963.

Blackwell B. : Anticipated pre-medical care activities of upper middle-class adults and their implications for health education practice . Health Educ Monogr 17:17-36, 1963.

Boucot KR , Sokoloff MJ : Is survey cancer of the lung curable? Dis Chest 27:369, 1955.

Braund RR , Binkley GE : A plea for the earlier diagnosis of rectal cancer. NY State J Med 42:33-37, 1942.

Breslow L. , Hochstim JR : Sociocultural aspects of cervical cytology in Alameda County, California. Pub Health Rep 79:107-112, 1964.

Burdick D. , Chantry F. : Central New York Surgical Society survey on breast carcinoma, 1920-1952. Cancer 7:47-53, 1954.

Cameron A. , Hinton J. : Delay in seeking treatment for mammary tumors. Cancer 21:1121-1126, 1968.

Cobb B. : Emotional problems of adult cancer patients. J Am Geriat Soc 7:274-285, 1959.

Cobb B. et al: Patient-responsible delay of treatment in cancer. Cancer 7:920-926, 1954.

Cole WH et al: Modern concepts in cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 19:1347, 1966.

Cook AW : Factors favoring and hindering early diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. Brooklyn Hosp J 6:67-73, 1948.

Cooper WA : Patients, physicians and gastric cancer. JAMA 150:688-692, 1952.

Davis E. et al: Solitary pulmonary nodule: A ten-year survey. J Thoracic Surg 32:728-770, 1956.

DeLawter DeWE: Culpability for delay in management of cancer . Med Ann DC 17:342-346, 1948.

Diddle AW : Genital cancer among women: Factors affecting its control in an urban population. Amer J Obst Gynecol 59:1373-1378, 1950 .

Drellich MG et al: The psychological impact of cancer and cancer surgery. VI. Adaptation to hysterectomy. Cancer 9:1120-1126, 1956.

Eggers C. et al: Cancer of the breast. Ann Surg 113:321-340, 1951.

Fink R. et al: The reluctant participant in a breast cancer screening program . Pub Health Rep 83:479-490, 1968.

Fisher S. : Motivation for patient delay. Arch Gen Psychiat 16:676-678, 1967.

Fremont-Smith M. , Graham RM : Screening for cervical cancer in internist's office by routine vaginal smears. JAMA 150:587-590, 1952.

Gold MA : Causes of patients' delay in diseases of the breast. Cancer 17:564-577, 1964.

Goldsen RK , Gerhardt PR , Handy VH : Some factors related to patient delay in seeking diagnosis for cancer symptoms . Cancer 10:1-7, 1957.

Gray DB , Ward GE : Delay in diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach. Amer J Surg 83:524-526, 1952.

Graziani EC : Causes of delay in diagnosis of cancer. JAMA 158:968, 1955.

Grushka T. , Steinitz R. : Delays in diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the female breast. Harefuah 49:6-8, 1955.

Guiss LW : Mass Roentgenographic screening as a lung-cancer control measure. Cancer 8:219, 1955.

Haagensen CD , Stout AP : Carcinoma of the breast. I. Results of treatment . Ann Surg 116:801-815, 1942.

Hammerschlag CA et al: Breast symptoms and patient delay: Psychological variables involved. Cancer 17:1480-1485, 1964.

Harms CR et al: Delay in the treatment of cancer. JAMA 121:335-338, 1943.

Henderson JG : Denial and repression as factors in the delay of patients with cancer presenting themselves to the physician. Ann NY Acad Sci 125:856-864, 1966.

Henderson JG et al: A psychiatric investigation of the delay factor in patient to doctor presentation in cancer. J Psychosom Res 3: 27-41, 1958.

Hitchcok CR , Aust JB : Diagnosis of asymptomatic malignant disease . Postgrad Med 17:145-156, 1955.

Hollingshead AB , Redlich FC : Social Class and Mental Illness. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1958.

Howson JY : Observations in the delay period in the diagnosis of pelvic cancer. Med Clinics N Amer 32:1573-1581, 1948 .

Howson JY : Pelvic cancer delay. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 55:538-540, 1948.

Howson JY : The procedures and results of the Philadelphia Committee for the Study of Pelvic Cancer. Wisconsin Med J 49:215-219, 1950.

Hufford CE , Burns EL : Papanicolaou test in the early diagnosis of uterine cancer. Ohio Med J 44:900, 1948.

Johnson AL et al: Epidemiology of polio vaccine acceptance. Jacksonville, Florida State Board of Health Monogr No. 3, 1962.

Kaae S. : Prognostic significance of early diagnosis in breast cancer: Study of early symptoms and their duration before patients come under treatment. Acta Radiologie Stockholm 29:476-492, 1948.

King RA , Leach JE : Factors contributing to delay by patients in seeking medical care. Cancer 3:571-579, 1950.

King RA , Leach JE : Habits of medical care. Cancer 4:221-225, 1951.

Kutner B. Gordan G : Seeking care for cancer. J Health Hum Behav 2:171-178, Fall 1961 .

Kutner B. et al: Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer: A critical analysis of the literature. J Chronic Dis 7:95-120, 1958.

Leach JE , Robbins GF : Delay in the diagnosis of cancer. JAMA 135:5-8, 1957.

Levin AF : Certain factors influencing cancer curability. Southern Med J 40:259-261, 1947.

Lewis D. , Reinhoff WF : A study of the results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1889 to 1931. Ann Surg 95:336-400, 1932.

Lieberman Associates : Study of Motivational, Attitudinal, and Environmental Deterrents to the Taking of Physical Examinations that Include Cancer Tests. Vols. I and II. New York. Lieberman Research, Inc., for the American Cancer Society, 1966.

Luff AP : Collective investigation into incidence of cancer of the breast and its history after treatment. Brit Med J 1:897-903, 1932.

Lynch HT , Krush AJ : Delay factors in detection of cancer of the penis. Neb State Med J 54:360-367, 1959.

Lynch HT , Krush AJ : Breast carcinoma and delay in treatment. Surg Gynecol Obstet 128:1027-1032, 1969.

McCullough JJ , Gilbertsen VA : Motivational factors in persons seeking early diagnosis of cancer: a preliminary report. Geriatrics 24:117-125, 1959.

MacDonald I. : Biological predeterminism in human cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 92:443-452, 1951.

MacDonald I. , Kotin P. : Biologic predeterminism in gastric carcinoma as the limiting factor of curability. Surg Gynecol Obstet 98:148, 1954.

Makover HB : Patient and physician delay in cancer diagnosis: medical aspects. J Chronic Dis 16:419-426, 1963.

Mossetti C. et al: Sociocultural aspects and motivational reactions of populations involved in mass educational programs for the early diagnosis of tumors of the female genital organs. Minerva Med 61:4973-4990, 1970 (Italian).

Müller A. : Delayed diagnosis of malignant tumors in the area of mouth, face, and jaws . Dtsch Gesundh Wes 22:167-171, 1967 (German).

Overholt RH et al: Surgical treatment of lung cancer found on X-ray survey. N Eng J Med 252:429, 1955.

Pack GT , Gallo JS : Culpability for delay in treatment of cancer. Amer J Cancer 33:443-462, 1938.

Raffl AB , Kelley GE : The five-year survival rate for gastric cancer. Cancer 6:756-778, 1953.

Registrar-General : Statistical Review of England and Wales for the Year 1952. (Supplement on Cancer). London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1957.

Renneker R. , Cutler M. : Psychological problems of adjustment to cancer of the breast. JAMA 148:833-838, 1952.

Reznikoff M. : Motivational factors in persons attending a cancer detection center. Cancer 8:454-458, 1955.

Robbins GF et al: Delay in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. JAMA 143:346-348, 1950.

Robbins GF et at: Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of physicians with cancer . Cancer 6:624-626, 1953.

Robbins GF , Bross I. : The significance of delay in relation to prognosis of patients with primary operable breast cancer. Cancer 10:338, 1957.

Roberts BJ : A Study of Selected Factors and Their Association with Action for Medical Care. Unpublished Dr.P.H. dissertation. Harvard University , 1956.

Roberts NJ : The values and limitation of periodic health examinations. J Chronic Dis 9:95-116, 1959.

Rosenstock IM : Health behavior: Prevention and maintenance. In Kosa J. Antonovsky A, Zola IK: Poverty and Health. A Sociological Analysis. Cambridge. Massachusetts. Harvard Univ Press, 1969.

Rowe-Jones DC , Aylett SO : Delay in treatment of carcinoma of colon and rectum. Lancet 2:973-976, 1965.

Sansom CD et al: How women come to have a cytotest done by their family doctor . Int J Health Educ 14:127-138, 1971.

Scheffey LC : The delay period in the diagnosis of pelvic malignancy. Obstet Gyn 1:554-563, 1953.

Segschneider PP , Reiden HG : Zur verschleppung des kolumkarsinom, (Delay in the diagnosis of cervical carcinoma). Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 82:1449, 1960 (German).

Shands HC et al: Psychological mechanisms in patients with cancer. Cancer 4:1159-1170, 1951.

Shapiro S. et al: Periodic breast cancer screening. Arch Env Health 15:547-553, 1967.

Shapiro S. et al: The search for risk factors in breast cancer. Amer J Pub Health 58:820-835, 1968.

Shapiro S. et al: Periodic breast cancer screening in reducing mortality from breast cancer. JAMA 215:1777-1785, March 15, 1971.

Shedden WM : Carcinoma of the rectum and signoid. Amer J Surg 44:482-511. 1939.

Shuval JT : Social Functions of Medical Practice. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, Inc., 1970.

Soost HJ , Thomas HI : Delayed treatment of carcinoma of uterine body in cervix: incidence and causes . Dtsch Med Wes 94:633-638, 1969.

Stauble K. : Amount and cause of delay in diagnosis of carcinomas of the female genital organs in the Basel District. A study of 240 patients with carcinoma of the female genital organs living in the Basel Region. Gynaecologica 163:379-393, 1967 (German).

Stearns HC : Discussion of Diddle A.W., genital cancer among women. Amer'J Obstet and Gynecol 59:1381-1382, 1950.

Stepanov VM : Causes of delayed treatment of cancer of the tongue. Voprosy Onkologii 5:216, 1959 (Russian).

Sugar M. , Watkins C. : Some observations about patients with a breast mass. Cancer 14:979-988, 1961.

Sutherland R. : Cancer: The Significance of Delay. London. Butterworth and Co., Ltd., 1960.

Swynnenton BF , Truelove SC : Carcinoma of the stomach. Brit Med J 1: 287, 1952.

Taylor HS : Factors Associated with Culpability of Nonculpability in Delaying Medical Care for Cancer. Unpublished thesis, G. W. Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, 1946.

Taylor SG , Slaughter D. : The physician and the cancer patient. JAMA 150:1012-1015, 1952.

Titchener JL et al: Problem of delay in seeking medical care. JAMA 160:1187-1193, 1956.

Topol O. : Analysis of causes of late diagnosis of malignant tumors. Ceskoslovenska Radiologie 22:291-295, 1968 (Czech).

Wakefield J. : Social and educational factors affecting the early diagnosis of cancer. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 99:828-833, 1969.

Wiggins W. , Hilfinger MF , Berman LG : Delay in cancer diagnosis. NY State J Med 51:626-628, 1951.

Youngman NV : Psychological aspects of the early diagnosis of cancer. Med J Aust 34:581-587, 1947.