In an attempt to better understand mechanisms throughwhich families might influence adolescent smoking, focus group data collected as part of a larger study of ethnic and gender differences in teen smoking were analyzed for family-related themes. Across six sites, 132 focus groups were conducted with African American, American Indian, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and White youth. Similarities across race/ethnicity were evident in the content of antismoking messages and the feeling among youth that theywould get in trouble with their parents if caught smoking. African American and Asian/Pacific Islander youth appeared more concerned about their parents thinking less of them if they smoked than were youth from other racial/ethnic groups. White and American Indian youth were more likely to discuss that their parents felt it was their own decision as to whether or not to smoke than were the other groups.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Tobacco use among middle and high school students—United States, 1999. Mor Mortal Wkly Rep49(3):49-53, 2000.
2.
2. Johnston L, O’Malley P, Bachman J: Drug trends in 1999 are mixed. University of Michigan News and Information Services: Ann Arbor, MI. [Online]. Available: www.monitoringthefuture.org; accessed 08/09/00.
3.
3. Bachman J, Wallace J, O’Malley P, Johnston L, Durth C, Neighbors H: Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89. AJPH81(3):372-377, 1999.
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups—African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1998.
6.
6. Mermelstein R, the Tobacco Control Network Writing Group: Explanations of ethnic and gender differences in youth smoking: A multi-site, qualitative investigation. Nicotine Tob Res1:S91-S98, 1999.
7.
7. Clark P, Scarisbrick-Hauser A, Gautam S, Wirk J: Anti-smoking socialization in homes of African-American and White parents, and smoking and nonsmoking parents. J Adolesc Health24:329-339, 1999.
8.
8. Koepke D, Flay B, Johnson C: Health behaviors in minority families: The case of cigarette smoking. Fam Community Health13(1):35-43, 1990.
9.
9. Griesler PC, Kandel DB: Ethnic differences in correlates of adolescent cigarette smoking. J Adolesc Health23(3):167-180, 1998.
10.
10. Robinson LA, Klesges RC: Ethnic and gender differences in risk factors for smoking onset. Health Psychol16(6):499-505, 1997.
11.
11. Hu FB, Flay B, Hedeker D: The influences of friends’ and parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior: The effects of time and prior smoking. J Appl Soc Psychol25(22):2018-2047, 1995.
12.
12. Dappen A, Schwarz RH, O’Donnell R: A survey of adolescent smoking patterns. J Am Board Fam Pract9(1):7-13, 1996.
13.
13. Distefan JM, Gilpin EA, Choi WS, Pierce JP: Parental influences predict adolescent smoking in the United States, 1989-1993. J Adolesc Health22(6):466-474, 1998.
14.
14. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ: The role of peer affiliations, social, family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence. Addiction90(5):647-659, 1995.
15.
15. Flay BR, Hu FB, Siddiqui O, Day LE, Hedeker D, Petraitis J, Richardson J, Sussman S: Differential influence of parental smoking and friends’ smoking on adolescent initiation and escalation of smoking. J Health Soc Behav35:248-265, 1994.
16.
16. Rowe DC, Chassin L, Presson C, Sherman SJ: Parental smoking and the epidemic spread of cigarette smoking. J Appl Soc Psychol26(5):437-454, 1996.
17.
17. Jackson C: Initial and experimental stages of tobacco and alcohol use during late childhood: Relation to peer, parent, and personal risk factors. Addict Behav22(5):685-698, 1997.
18.
18. Jackson C, Henriksen L: Do as I say: Parent smoking, antismoking socialization, and smoking onset among children. Addict Behav22(1):107-114, 1997.
19.
19. Jackson C, Henriksen L, Dickinson D, Levine DW: The early use of alcohol and tobacco: Its relation to children’s competence and parents’ behavior. Am J Public Health87(3):359-364, 1997.
20.
20. Bauman KE, Foshee VA, Linzer MA, Koch GG: Effect of parental smoking classification on the association between parental and adolescent smoking. Addict Behav15:413-422, 1990.
21.
21. Radziszewska B, Richardson J, Dent C, Flay B: Parenting style and adolescent depressive symptoms, smoking, and academic achievement: Ethnic, gender, and SES differences. J Behav Med19(3):289-305, 1996.
22.
22. Biener L, Cullen D, Di ZX, Hammond SK: Household smoking restrictions and adolescents’ exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Prev Med26(3):358-363, 1997.
23.
23. Red Horse J, Lewis R, Feit M., Decker J: Family behavior of urban American Indians. Soc Casework59(2):67-72, 1978.
24.
24. Cross T: Understanding the relationalworldviewin Indian families. Pathways12(May-June):4-4, 1997.
25.
25. Botvin GJ, Baker E, Goldberg CJ, Dusenbury L, Botvin EM: Correlates and predictors of smoking among Black adolescents. Addict Behav17:97-103, 1992.
26.
26. Johnson E, Gilbert D: Familial and psychological correlates of smoking in Black and White adolescents. Ethn Dis1:320-334, 1991.
27.
27. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1994.
28.
28. Crawford M, the Tobacco Control Network Writing Group: Messages youth receive about cigarette smoking: A multi-site, qualitative study. Public Health Rep, in press.
29.
29. Alexander C, Allen P, Crawford M, McCormick L: Taking a first puff: Cigarette smoking among ethnically diverse adolescents. Ethn Health4(4):245-257, 1999.
30.
30. Gittelsohn J, McCormick L, Allen P, Grieser M, Crawford M, Davis S: Inter-ethnic differences in youth tobacco language and cigarette brand preferences. Ethn Health4(4):245-257, 1999.
31.
31. Kegler M, Kingsley B, Malcoe L, Cleaver V, Reid J, Solomon G: The functional value of smoking and nonsmoking from the perspective of American Indian youth. Fam Community Health22(2):31-42, 1999.
32.
32. Kegler M, Cleaver V, Yazzie-Valencia M: An exploration of the influence of family on cigarette smoking among American Indian adolescents. Health Educ Res15(5):547-557, 2000.
33.
33. McCormick L, Crawford M, Anderson R, Gittelsohn J, Kingsley B, Upson D: Recruiting adolescents into qualitative tobacco research studies: Experiences and lessons learned. J Sch Health69(3):95-97, 1999.
34.
34. Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing (NUD*IST). Qualitative Solutions and Research Pty, Ltd., Victoria, Australia, 1997.
35.
35. Miles M, Huberman A: An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994.
