Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Oneness is a sense of profound unity with some other entity, typically a large, abstract entity such as nature or all of existence. This article offers a typology of oneness based on a review of oneness concepts in the psychology literature. The typology distinguishes between oneness experiences and oneness intuitions or beliefs, the latter being propositions about how self and other are connected. It also distinguishes between three perceived ontologies: expansion (including other in self), interdependence (self and other in symbiosis), and essential (self and other sharing some fundamental property). Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 102) supported the typology’s dimensions within the scope of nature, using novel sets of items based on restructuring extant oneness measures. Implications of the typology for understanding oneness with nature and its role in addressing environmental crises are discussed, including how these may interact with cultural context.

Keywords

oneness self-transcendence connectedness to nature mystical experience review scale

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Agnew

C. R.

Van Lange

P. A. M.

Rusbult

C. E.

Langston

C. A.

(1998). Cognitive interdependence: Commitment and the mental representation of close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 939-954. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.939.

Arnocky

Stroink

DeCicco

(2007). Self-construal predicts environmental concern, cooperation, and conservation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(4), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.06.005.

Aron

E. N.

(1986). Love and the expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction. Hemisphere Publishing Corp/Harper & Row Publishers.

Aron

E. N.

(1997). Self-expansion motivation and including other in the self. In Duck

(Ed), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (2nd ed. ed., pp. 251-270). John Wiley & Sons.

Aron

E. N.

Smollan

(1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596-612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596.

Aron

E. N.

Tudor

Nelson

(1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241.

Aron

McLaughlin-Volpe

Mashek

Lewandowski

Wright

S. C.

Aron

E. N.

(2004). Including others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1), 101-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280440000008.

Aşkun

Çetin

(2017). How do we demonstrate oneness as a behavior? Operationalizing oneness through scale measurement. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(1), 34-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2016.1184998.

Auhagen

A. E.

(2000). On the psychology of meaning of life. Swiss Journal of Psychology/Schweizerische Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Revue Suisse De Psychologie, 59(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.59.1.34.

10.

Bain

P. G.

Milfont

T. L.

Kashima

Bilewicz

Doron

Garðarsdóttir

R. B.

Gouveia

V. V.

Guan

Johansson

L.-O.

Pasquali

Corral-Verdugo

Aragones

J. I.

Utsugi

Demarque

Otto

Park

Soland

Steg

González

Lebedeva

Madsen

O. J.

Saviolidis

N. M.

(2016). Co-benefits of addressing climate change can motivate action around the world. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2814.

11.

Baumeister

R. F.

(1991). Meanings of life. Guilford Press.

12.

Bragg

E. A.

(1996). Towards ecological self: Deep ecology meets constructionist self-theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16(2), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0008.

13.

Breckler

S. J.

(1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1191-1205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1191.

14.

Byrd

K. R.

Lear

Schwenka

(2000). Mysticism as a predictor of subjective well-being. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(4), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1004_04.

15.

Chamberlain

Zika

(1988). Religiosity, life meaning and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 411-420. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387379.

16.

Chen

Hood Jr

R. W.

Yang

Watson

P. J.

(2011). Mystical experience among Tibetan Buddhists: The common core thesis revisited. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(2), 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01570.x.

17.

Chen

Hood

R. W.

Watson

P. J.

(2011). Common core thesis and qualitative and quantitative analysis of mysticism in Chinese Buddhist monks and nuns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(4), 654-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01606.x.

18.

Cialdini

R. B.

Brown

S. L.

Lewis

B. P.

Luce

Neuberg

S. L.

(1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481.

19.

Cloninger

C. R.

Svrakic

D. M.

Przybeck

T. R.

(1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(12), 975-990. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008.

20.

Crompton

(2015). Some psychological consequences of putting a price on nature. https://valuesandframes.org/some-psychological-consequences-of-putting-a-price-on-nature.

21.

Crompton

Weinstein

Sanderson

Kasser

Maio

Henderson

(2014). No cause is an island: How people are influenced by values regardless of the cause. Common Cause Foundation with the Institute of Development Studies.

22.

Davis

J. L.

Green

J. D.

Reed

(2009). Interdependence with the environment: Commitment, interconnectedness, and environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.11.001.

23.

DeCicco

T. L.

Stroink

M. L.

(2007). A third model of self-construal: The metapersonal self. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 26(1), 82-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/t58733-000.

24.

Díaz

Settele

Brondízio

E. S.

Ngo

H. T.

Agard

Arneth

Balvanera

Brauman

K. A.

Butchart

S. H. M.

Chan

K. M. A.

Garibaldi

L. A.

Ichii

Liu

Subramanian

S. M.

Midgley

G. F.

Miloslavich

Molnár

Obura

Pfaff

Polasky

Purvis

Zayas

C. N.

(2019). Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science, 366(6471), eaax3100. doi: 10.1126/science.aax3100. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100.

25.

Drengson

(1995). The deep ecology movement. Trumpeter, 12(3).

26.

Droseltis

Vignoles

V. L.

(2010). Towards an integrative model of place identification: Dimensionality and predictors of intrapersonal-level place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.006.

27.

Dutcher

D. D.

Finley

J. C.

Luloff

A. E.

Johnson

J. B.

(2007). Connectivity with nature as a measure of environmental values. Environment and Behavior, 39(4), 474-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506298794.

28.

Edinger-Schons

L. M

(2019). Oneness beliefs and their effect on life satisfaction. Psychology of Religion and SpiritualityAdvance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000259.

29.

Escobar

(2016). Thinking-feeling with the Earth: territorial struggles and the ontological dimension of the Epistemologies of the South. AIBR, Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, 11(1), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.11156/aibr.110102e.

30.

Fisher

(2013). Ecopsychology at the crossroads: Contesting the nature of a field. Ecopsychology, 5(3), 167-176.

31.

Fisher

(2019). Ecopsychology as decolonial praxis. Ecopsychology, 11(3), 145-155.

32.

Friedman

(1983). The self-expansive level Form: A conceptualization and measurement of a transpersonal construct. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 15(1), 37. https://www.atpweb.org/journal.aspx.

33.

Thompson

S. C. G

Barton

M. A.

(1994). Ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward the environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80168-9.

34.

Garfield

A. M.

Drwecki

B. B.

Moore

C. F.

Kortenkamp

K. V.

Gracz

M. D.

(2014). The oneness beliefs scale: Connecting spirituality with pro-environmental behavior. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 356-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12108.

35.

George

L. S.

Park

C. L.

(2016). Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions. Review of General Psychology, 20(3), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000077.

36.

Gómez

Á.

Brooks

M. L.

Buhrmester

M. D.

Vázquez

Jetten

Swann

W. B.

Jr (2011). On the nature of identity fusion: insights into the construct and a new measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 918-933. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022642.

37.

Greenhalgh

Thorne

Malterud

(2018). Time to challenge the spurious hierarchy of systematic over narrative reviews? European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 48(6), e12931. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12931.

38.

Green

B. N.

Johnson

C. D.

Adams

(2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6.

39.

Griffiths

R. R.

Johnson

M. W.

Richards

W. A.

Richards

B. D.

McCann

Jesse

(2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5.

40.

Griffiths

Richards

Johnson

McCann

Jesse

(2008). Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300.

41.

Gudynas

(2011). Buen Vivir: today’s tomorrow. Development, 54(4), 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2011.86.

42.

Hamilton

(2008). The freedom paradox: Towards a post-secular ethics. Allen & Unwin Crows Nest.

43.

Heine

S. J.

Proulx

Vohs

K. D.

(2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 88-110. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1.

44.

Hood

R. W.

(1975). The construction and preliminary validation of a measure of reported mystical experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14(1), 29-41. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384454.

45.

Hood

R. W.

(2006). The common core thesis in the study of mysticism. In McNamara

(Ed), Where God and Science Meet. Volume 3: The Psychology of Religious Experience (pp. 119-138). Praeger.

46.

Hoot

R. E.

Friedman

(2011). Connectedness and environmental behavior: Sense of interconnectedness and pro-environmental behavior. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 30(1), 10. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/.

47.

L. t.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.

48.

IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathwaysthe context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. International Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf.

49.

Jackson

S. A.

Marsh

H. W.

(1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17-35.

50.

Leary

M. R.

Tipsord

J. M.

Tate

E. B.

(2008). Allo-inclusive identity: Incorporating the social and natural worlds into one’s sense of self. In Wayment

Bauer

(Eds), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 137-147). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11771-013.

51.

Leopold

(1970). A Sand County almanac: With other essays on conservation from round river. Random House Digital, Inc.

52.

Lindzey

Gilbert

Fiske

S. T.

(1998). The handbook of social psychology. Oxford University Press.

53.

MacDonald

D. A.

(2000a). The expressions of spirituality inventory: Test development, validation, and scoring information (pp. 1-23). Unpublished Test Manual. https://doi.org/10.1037/t69402-000.

54.

MacDonald

D. A.

(2000b). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 153-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00094.

55.

MacLean

K. A.

Leoutsakos

J.-M. S.

Johnson

M. W.

Griffiths

R. R.

(2012). Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(4), 721-737. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x.

56.

Macy

(2007). World as self, world as lover: Courage and global justice and ecological renewal.

57.

Maner

J. K.

Luce

C. L.

Neuberg

S. L.

Cialdini

R. B.

Brown

Sagarin

B. J.

(2002). The effects of perspective taking on motivations for helping: Still no evidence for altruism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1601-1610. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237586.

58.

Martela

Steger

M. F.

(2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623.

59.

Mashek

D. J.

Aron

(2004). Handbook of closeness and intimacy. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610010.

60.

Mashek

Cannaday

L. W.

Tangney

J. P.

(2007). Inclusion of community in self scale: A single-item pictorial measure of community connectedness. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(2), 257-275. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20146.

61.

Matsunaga

(2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: do’s, don’ts, and how-to's. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.854.

62.

Mayer

F. S.

Frantz

C. M.

(2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals' feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001.

63.

Mayer

F. S.

Frantz

C. M.

Bruehlman-Senecal

Dolliver

(2009). Why Is Nature Beneficial?. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745.

64.

McFarland

Brown

Webb

(2013). Identification with all humanity as a moral concept and psychological construct. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412471346.

65.

McFarland

Webb

Brown

(2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 830-853. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028724.

66.

Merriam-Webster . (2020). Ecosystem. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 12, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecosystem.

67.

Monbiot

(2014). The pricing of everything. https://www.monbiot.com/2014/07/24/the-pricing-of-everything/.

68.

Monbiot

(2018). The UK government wants to put a price on nature - but that will destroy it. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/15/price-natural-world-destruction-natural-capital.

69.

Muthén

L. K.

Muthén

B. O.

(2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(4), 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8.

70.

Naess

Drengson

A. R.

(2008). Ecology of wisdom: Writings by arne næss. Counterpoint Press.

71.

Nisbet

E. K.

Zelenski

J. M.

Murphy

S. A.

(2009). The nature relatedness scale. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748.

72.

Olivos

Aragonés

J.-I.

(2011). Psychometric properties of the environmental identity scale (EID). Psyecology, 2(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1174/217119711794394653.

73.

Ortony

Clore

G. L.

Foss

M. A.

(1987). The referential structure of the affective lexicon. Cognitive Science, 11(3), 341-364. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1103_4.

74.

Oyserman

Coon

H. M.

Kemmelmeier

(2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3.

75.

Pappas

J. D.

Friedman

H. L.

(2007). The construct of self-expansiveness and the validity of the transpersonal scale of the self-expansiveness level form. The Humanistic Psychologist, 35(4), 323-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873260701593334.

76.

Park

C. L.

(2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301.

77.

Perez

M. A.

Longboat

(2019). Our shared relationship with land and water: Perspectives from the Mayangna and the Anishinaabe. Ecopsychology, 11(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2019.0001.

78.

Perkins

H. E.

(2010). Measuring love and care for nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.05.004.

79.

Perrin

J. L.

Benassi

V. A.

(2009). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of emotional connection to nature? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 434-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.03.003.

80.

Piedmont

R. L.

(1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? spiritual transcendence and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 985-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00080.

81.

Roberts

Norman

Minhinnick

Wihongi

Kirkwood

(1995). Kaitiakitanga: Maori perspectives on conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology, 2(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC950007.

82.

Schmitt

T. A.

(2011). Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406653.

83.

Schubert

T. W.

Otten

(2002). Overlap of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Pictorial measures of self-categorization. Self and Identity, 1(4), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602760328012.

84.

Schultz

P. W.

(2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations (pp. 61-78). Psychology of sustainable developmentSpringer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0995-0_4.Psychology of Sustainable Development

85.

Schultz

P. W.

Shriver

Tabanico

J. J.

Khazian

A. M.

(2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7.

86.

Schultz

P. W.

Tabanico

(2007). Self, identity, and the natural environment: Exploring implicit connections with nature. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(6), 1219-1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x.

87.

Shiota

M. N.

Keltner

Mossman

(2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600923668.

88.

Singer

Steinbeis

(2009). Differential Roles of Fairness- and Compassion-Based Motivations for Cooperation, Defection, and Punishment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04733.x.

89.

St John

MacDonald

D. A.

(2007). Development and initial validation of a measure of ecopsychological self. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 39(1), 48-67. Retrieved from: https://www.atpweb.org/journal.aspx.

90.

Stace

W. T.

(1960). Mysticism and philosophy. Lippincott.

91.

Struch

Schwartz

S. H.

(1989). Intergroup aggression: Its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.364.

92.

Swann

W. B.

Gómez

Á.

Seyle

D. C.

Morales

J. F.

Huici

(2009). Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 995-1011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013668.

93.

Swann

W. B.

Jetten

Gómez

Á.

Whitehouse

Bastian

(2012). When group membership gets personal: a theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119(3), 441-456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028589.

94.

Tacey

D. J.

(2009). Entering the dream of nature: James Hillman, Australian poetry and Aboriginal dreaming.

95.

Tam

K.-P.

(2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004.

96.

Team

R. C

(2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing.

97.

Thompson

(2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000.

98.

Tropp

L. R.

Wright

S. C.

(2001). Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275007.

99.

Vohs

K. D.

Mead

N. L.

Goode

M. R.

(2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314(5802), 1154-1156. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491.

100.

Vohs

K. D.

Mead

N. L.

Goode

M. R.

(2008). Merely activating the concept of money changes personal and interpersonal behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 208-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00576.x.

101.

Weinstein

Przybylski

A. K.

Ryan

R. M.

(2009). Can nature make us more caring? Effects of immersion in nature on intrinsic aspirations and generosity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(10), 1315-1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341649.

102.

Wesley Schultz

(2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0227.

103.

Yaden

D. B.

Eichstaedt

J. C.

Schwartz

H. A.

Kern

M. L.

Le Nguyen

K. D.

Wintering

N. A.

Hood

R. W

Jr Newberg

A. B.

(2016). The language of ineffability: Linguistic analysis of mystical experiences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(3), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000043.

104.

Yaden

D. B.

Haidt

Hood

R. W.

Vago

D. R.

Newberg

A. B.

(2017). The varieties of self-transcendent experience. Review of General Psychology, 21(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102.

105.

Yaden

D. B.

Kaufman

S. B.

Hyde

Chirico

Gaggioli

Zhang

J. W.

Keltner

(2019). The development of the awe experience scale (AWE-S): A multifactorial measure for a complex emotion. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 474-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1484940.

106.

Zika

Chamberlain

(1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 83(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02429.x.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.29 MB

Psychological Oneness: A Typology

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material