This review focuses on the literature published during the calendar year 2021 that is of interest to anesthesiologists taking care of children and adults with congenital heart disease. Four major themes are discussed, including cardiovascular disease in children with COVID-19, aortic valve repair and replacement, bleeding and coagulation, and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).
BozkurtBKamatIHotezPJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144(6):471-484.
2.
FeldsteinLRTenfordeMWFriedmanKG, et alCharacteristics and outcomes of us children and adolescents with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared with severe acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(11):1074-1087.
MontgomeryJRyanMEnglerR, et alMyocarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in members of the US military. JAMA Cardiology. 2021;6(10):1202-1206.
5.
BardaNDaganNBen-ShlomoY, et alSafety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(12):1078-1090.
6.
BrobergCSKovacsAHSadeghiS, et alCOVID-19 in adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(13):1644-1655.
7.
StrahDDKowalekKAWeinbergerK, et alWorse hospital outcomes for children and adults with COVID-19 and congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2021;43(3):541–546.
8.
BottioTBagozziLFioccoA, et alCOVID-19 in heart transplant recipients. JACC (J Am Coll Cardiol): Heart Fail. 2021;9(1):52-61.
9.
Itzhaki Ben ZadokOShaulAABen-AvrahamB, et alImmunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in heart transplant recipients - A prospective cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(9):1555-1559.
10.
KamarNAbravanelFMarionOCouatCIzopetJDel BelloA. Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):661-662.
11.
JoshiSSKeshavaMMurthyKS, et alCoronavirus disease 2019 convalescent children: Outcomes after congenital heart surgery. Cardiol Young. 2021; 1–6.
12.
AlsoufiBKnightJHSt. LouisJRaghuveerGKochilasL. Are mechanical prostheses valid alternatives to the ross procedure in young children under 6 years old?Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(1):166-173.
13.
SharabianiMTADorobantuDMMahaniAS, et alAortic valve replacement and the ross operation in children and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(24):2858-2870.
14.
BurattoEShiWYWynneR, et alImproved survival after the ross procedure compared with mechanical aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(12):1337-1344.
15.
BouhoutIStevensL-MMazineA, et alLong-term outcomes after elective isolated mechanical aortic valve replacement in young adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(4):1341-1346. e1341.
16.
BachaEAMcElhinneyDBGuleserianKJ, et alSurgical aortic valvuloplasty in children and adolescents with aortic regurgitation: Acute and intermediate effects on aortic valve function and left ventricular dimensions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135(3):552559-559553.
17.
WallaceFROBurattoENaimoPS, et alAortic valve repair in children without use of a patch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;162(4):1179-1189.
18.
AtikSUEroğluAGÇinarBBakarMTSaltikİL. Comparison of Balloon Dilatation and Surgical Valvuloplasty in Non-critical Congenital Aortic Valvular Stenosis at Long-Term Follow-Up. Pediatr Cardiol. 2018;39(8):1554-1560.
19.
SiM-SConteJVRomanoJC, et alUnicuspid aortic valve repair using geometric ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;111(4):1359-1366.
20.
LansacEDi CentaISleilatyG, et alRemodeling root repair with an external aortic ring annuloplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153(5):1033-1042.
21.
BairdCWCooneyBChávezMSleeperLAMarxGRDel NidoPJ. Congenital aortic and truncal valve reconstruction using the Ozaki technique: Short-term clinical results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;161(5):1567-1577.
22.
OzakiSKawaseIYamashitaHUchidaSTakatohMKiyoharaN. Midterm outcomes after aortic valve neocuspidization with glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018; 155(6):2379-2387.
23.
KonstantinovIENaimoPSBurattoE. Commentary: Ozaki valve reconstruction in children: Is it still a valve replacement?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021; 161(5):1579-1581.
24.
AboudACharitosEIFujitaB, et alLong-term outcomes of patients undergoing the ross procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1412-1422.
25.
StelzerPMejiaJVargheseR. Operative risks of the Ross procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;161(3):905-915.
26.
RomeoJLRPapageorgiouGda CostaFFD, et alLong-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in young and middle-aged adults undergoing the ross procedure. JAMA Cardiology. 2021;6(5):539-548.
27.
HansonSJKaramOBirchR, et alTransfusion practices in pediatric cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass: A secondary analysis of a clinical database. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021;22(11):978-987.
28.
SiemensKSangaranDPHuntBJMurdochIATibbySM. Antifibrinolytic drugs for the prevention of bleeding in pediatric cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021;134(5):987–1001.
29.
HovgesenNTLarsenJBFenger-EriksenCHansenAKHvasAM. Efficacy and safety of antifibrinolytic drugs in pediatric surgery: A systematic review. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2021;47(5):538-568.
30.
CohenJAFaraoniDVenerDF. Understanding and managing the complex balance between bleeding and thrombosis following cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric cardiac surgical patients. Cardiol Young. 2021;31(8):1251-1257.
31.
RestinTSchmuggeMCushingMMHaasT. Comparison between intraoperative bleeding score and ROTEM measurements to assess coagulopathy during major pediatric surgery. Transfus Apher Sci. 2021;60(5):103191.
32.
EmaniSEmaniVSDialloFB, et alThromboelastography during rewarming for management of pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;113(4):1248–1255.
33.
HarrisJMSheehanKRogersCAMurphyTCaputoMMumfordAD. Prediction of bleeding in pediatric cardiac surgery using clinical characteristics and prospective coagulation test results. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;;34(1):277–288.
34.
Di GregorioGSellaNSpieziaL, et alCardiopulmonary bypass-induced coagulopathy in pediatric patients: The role of platelets in postoperative bleeding. A preliminary study. Artif Organs. 2021;45(8):852-860.
35.
DieuAVan RegemorterVDetailleT, et alCombined use of rotational thromboelastometry (rotem) and platelet impedance aggregometry (multiplate analyzer) in cyanotic and acyanotic infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(7):2115-2123.
36.
CholetteJMMuszynskiJAIblaJC, et alPlasma and platelet transfusions strategies in neonates and children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass or neonates and children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: from the transfusion and anemia expertise initiative-control/avoidance of bleeding. Pediatr Crit Care Med: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2022;23(13 suppl 1 1S):e25-e36.
37.
EngelmanDTBen AliWWilliamsJB, et alGuidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery. JAMA Surgery. 2019;154(8):755-766.
38.
FullerSKumarSRRoyN, et alThe american association for thoracic surgery congenital cardiac surgery working group 2021 consensus document on a comprehensive perioperative approach to enhanced recovery after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;162(3):931-954.
39.
ShinAYRaoIJBassettHK, et alTarget-based care: An intervention to reduce variation in postoperative length of stay. J Pediatr. 2021;228:208-212.
40.
AkhtarMIMomeniMSzekelyAHamidMEl TahanMRRexS. Multicenter international survey on the clinical practice of ultra-fast-track anesthesia with on-table extubation in pediatric congenital cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(2):406-415.
41.
AlghamdiAASinghSKHamiltonBCS, et alEarly extubation after pediatric cardiac surgery: systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence-based recommendations. J Card Surg. 2010;25(5):586-595.
42.
LiYJiaYWangH, et alEarly extubation is associated with improved outcomes after complete surgical repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries in pediatric patients. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16(1):31.
43.
SamuelRFroeseNBettsKGandhiS. Intraoperative extubation post arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum: A one-year, single center experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;33(1):134-140.
44.
MurinPWeixlerVHMRomanchenkoO, et alFast-track extubation after cardiac surgery in infants: Tug-of-war between performance and reimbursement?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;162(2):435-443.
45.
Tamariz-CruzOJGarcía-BenítezLADíliz-NavaH, et alEarly extubation in a pediatric cardiac surgery program located at high altitude. World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. 2021;12(4):473-479.
46.
MiuraSButtWThompsonJNamachivayamSP. Recurrent extubation failure following neonatal cardiac surgery is associated with increased mortality. Pediatr Cardiol. 2021;42(5):1149-1156.
47.
RoyNBrownMLParraMF, et alBilateral erector spinae blocks decrease perioperative opioid use after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(7):2082-2087.
48.
MacairePHoNNguyenV, et alBilateral ultrasound-guided thoracic erector spinae plane blocks using a programmed intermittent bolus improve opioid-sparing postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients after open cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020;45(10):805-812.
49.
KaushalBChauhanSMagoonR, et alEfficacy of bilateral erector spinae plane block in management of acute postoperative surgical pain after pediatric cardiac surgeries through a midline sternotomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(4):981-986.
50.
SahajanandanRVarshaAVKumarDS, et alEfficacy of paravertebral block in “Fast-tracking” pediatric cardiac surgery - Experiences from a tertiary care center. Ann Card Anaesth. 2021;24(1):24-29.
51.
CakmakMIsikO. Transversus thoracic muscle plane block for analgesia after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(1):130-136.
52.
StaveskiSLPicklerRHKhouryPR, et alPrevalence of ICU delirium in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021;22(1):68-78.
53.
ChomatMRSaidASMannJLWallendorfMBickhausAFigueroaM. Changes in sedation practices in association with delirium screening in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Cardiol. 2021;42(6):1334-1340.
