This review article surveys the published literature from January 2018 to March 2019. Three themes were identified and articles were selected based on their originality and interest to anesthesiologists caring for patients with congenital heart disease.
VedovelliLPadalinoMSuppiejAet al. Cardiopulmonary-bypass glial fibrillary acidic protein correlates with neurocognitive skills. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:792-798.
2.
MajnemerALimperopoulosCShevellMRohlicekCRosenblattBTchervenkovC.Developmental and functional outcomes at school entry in children with congenital heart defects. J Pediatr. 2008;153:55-60.
3.
McQuillenPSBarkovichAJHamrickSEet al. Temporal and anatomic risk profile of brain injury with neonatal repair of congenital heart defects. Stroke. 2007;38:736-741.
4.
DimitropoulosAMcQuillenPSSethiVet al. Brain injury and development in newborns with critical congenital heart disease. Neurology. 2013;81:241-248.
5.
AndropoulosDBAhmadHBHaqTet al. The association between brain injury, perioperative anesthetic exposure, and 12-month neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:266-274.
6.
EasleyRBMarinoBSJenningsJet al. Impaired cerebral autoregulation and elevation in plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein level during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for CHD. Cardiol Young. 2018;28:55-65.
7.
Jevtovic-TodorovicVHartmanREIzumiYet al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci. 2003;23:876-882.
8.
BrambrinkAMEversASAvidanMSet al. Isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the neonatal rhesus macaque brain. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:834-841.
9.
BrambrinkAMBackSARiddleAet al. Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain. Ann Neurol. 2012;72:525-535.
10.
BrambrinkAMEversASAvidanMSet al. Ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brain. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:372-384.
11.
SanchezVFeinsteinSDLunardiNet al. General anesthesia causes long-term impairment of mitochondrial morphogenesis and synaptic transmission in developing rat brain. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:992-1002.
12.
DismaNO’LearyJDLoepkeAWet al. Anesthesia and the developing brain: a way forward for laboratory and clinical research. Paediatr Anaesth. 2018;28:758-763
13.
McCannMEBellingerDCDavidsonAJSorianoSG.Clinical research approaches to studying pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30:766-771.
14.
IngCHDiMaggioCJWhitehouseAJet al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after initial childhood anesthetic exposure between ages 3 and 10 years. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26:377-386.
15.
PolanerDMZukJMcCannMEDavidsonA.Warnings, uncertainty, and clinical practice. Lancet. 2017;389:2174-2176.
16.
McCannMESorianoSG.General anesthetics in pediatric anesthesia: influences on the developing brain. Curr Drug Targets. 2012;13:944-951.
17.
DavidsonAJDismaNde GraaffJCet al; GAS Consortium. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:239-250.
18.
McCannMEde GraaffJCDorrisLet al; GAS Consortium. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia or awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled equivalence trial. Lancet. 2019;393:664-677.
19.
O’LearyJDJanusMDukuEet al. Influence of surgical procedures and general anesthesia on child development before primary school entry among matched sibling pairs. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:29-36.
20.
BartelsDDMcCannMEDavidsonAJPolanerDMWhitlockELBatemanBT.Estimating pediatric general anesthesia exposure: quantifying duration and risk. Paediatr Anaesth. 2018;28:520-527.
21.
GreeneNHJoosteEHThibaultDPet al. A study of practice behavior for endotracheal intubation site for children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgery: impact of endotracheal intubation site on perioperative outcomes—an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society Database [published online September 5, 2018]. Anesth Analg. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003594
22.
MaharramovaMTaylorK. A systematic review of caudal anesthesia and postoperative outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery patients [published online September 28, 2018]. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. doi:10.1177/1089253218801966
23.
SamantarayDJTrehanMChowdhryVReddyS.Comparison of hemodynamic response and postoperative pain score between general anaesthesia with intravenous analgesia versus general anesthesia with caudal analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2019;22:35-40.
24.
JaworskiRKansyADzierzanowska-FangratKet al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric cardiac surgery: where are we and where do we go? A systematic review [published online February 14, 2019]. Surg Infect (Larchmt). doi:10.1089/sur.2018.272
25.
MurrayMTCordaRTurcotteRBachaESaimanLKrishnamurthyG.Implementing a standardized perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:927-933.
26.
Trent MagruderJGrimmJCDunganSPet al. Continuous intraoperative cefazolin infusion may reduce surgical site infections during cardiac surgical procedures: a propensity-matched analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015;29:1582-1587.
27.
ShouldersBRCrowJRDavisSLet al. Impact of intraoperative continuous-infusion versus intermittent dosing of cefazolin therapy on the incidence of surgical site -infections after coronary artery bypass grafting. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36:166-173.
28.
GertlerRGruberMWiesnerGet al. Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in infants and neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84:2020-2028.
29.
KnodererCASaftSAWalkerSGet al. Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25:425-430.
30.
National Audit Reports. NAP6 report. Anesthesia, surgery and life-threatening allergic reactions. Report and findings of the Royal College of Anaesthetists’ 6th National Audit Project. https://www.niaa.org.uk/NAP6Report. Accessed March 20, 2019.
31.
HarperNJNCookTMGarcezTet al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). Br J Anaesth. 2018;121:159-171.
32.
VorobeichikLWeberEATarshisJ.Misconceptions surrounding penicillin allergy: implications for anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 2018;127:642-649.
33.
BlumenthalKGRyanEELiYet al. The impact of a reported penicillin allergy on surgical site infection risk. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:329-336. doi:10.1093/cid/cix794
34.
SommerfieldDLSommerfieldASchillingASlevinLLucasMvon Ungern-SternbergBS.Allergy alerts—the incidence of parentally reported allergies in children presenting for general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2019;29:153-160.
35.
HillKDKannankerilPJ.Perioperative corticosteroids in children undergoing congenital heart surgery: five decades of clinical equipoise. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2018;9:294-296.
36.
FuduluDPGibbisonBUptonTet al. Corticosteroids in pediatric heart surgery: myth or reality. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:112. doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00112
37.
FuduluDPSchadenbergAGibbisonBet al. Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory strategies in pediatric heart surgery: a national survey of practice. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2018;9:289-293.
38.
HoffmanTMWernovskyGAtzAMet al. Prophylactic intravenous use of milrinone after cardiac operation in pediatrics (PRIMACORP) study. Prophylactic intravenous use of milrinone after cardiac operation in pediatrics. Am Heart J. 2002;143:15-21.
39.
CostelloJMDunbar-MastersonCAllanCKet al. Impact of empiric nesiritide or milrinone infusion on early postoperative recovery after Fontan surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:596-604.
40.
SolimanRRaghebA.Assessment of the effect of two regimens of milrinone infusion in pediatric patients undergoing fontan procedure: a randomized study. Ann Card Anaesth. 2018; 21:134-140.
41.
GistKMCooperDSWronaJet al. Acute kidney injury biomarkers predict an increase in serum milrinone concentration earlier than serum creatinine-defined acute kidney injury in infants after cardiac surgery. Ther Drug Monit. 2018;40:186-194.
42.
LarssonRLiedholmHAnderssonKEKeaneMAHenryG.Pharmacokinetics and effects on blood pressure of a single oral dose of milrinone in healthy subjects and in patients with renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;29:549-553.
43.
KonstamMAKiernanMSBernsteinDet al. Evaluation and management of right-sided heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e578-e622.
44.
ZaffranSKellyRGMeilhacSMBrownNA.Right ventricular myocardium derives from the anterior heart field. Circ Res. 2004;95:261-268.
45.
SantamoreWPDell’ItaliaLJ.Ventricular interdependence: significant left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998;40:289-308.
46.
MullensWAbrahamsZFrancisGSet al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:589-596.
47.
VerbruggeFHDupontMSteelsPet al. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:485-495.
48.
MelenovskyVHwangSJLinGRedfieldMMBorlaugBA.Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:3452-3462.
49.
BookWMShaddyRE.Medical therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10:167-178.
50.
ShaddyREBoucekMMHsuDTet al; Pediatric Carvedilol Study Group. Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:1171-1179.
51.
DubinAMJanousekJRheeEet al. Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: an international multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2277-2283.
